predicts that unresolvable sexual arms races may be infrequent, and that it is more usual for one sex or the other to gain an evolutionary advantage, halting antagonistic co-evolution, even though the underlying conflict may not be resolved, or that a balance in 'arms levels' results. Exceptions may be common at the molecular level — for example, involving seminal proteins and receptors — where...

Kenneth Kipnis hypothesizes that a company paying a physician for services related to one of its products merits a share of responsibility for harmful outcomes (Kipnis 2011). His arguments fail because they are based on a widely held but false assumption and onmisleading analogies. The false assumption is that industry payments to physicians results in harm to patients. Misleading analogies app...

In recent years a number of image delity measures have been developed. These measures are designed to predict a person's ability to perceive di erences between two nearly identical images. Successful image delity measures allow digital imaging developers to replace di cult and time consuming subjective evaluations with automated evaluations. Although a number of image delity measures have been ...

Training deep neural networks requires many training samples, but in practice training labels are expensive to obtain and may be of varying quality, as some may be from trusted expert labelers while others might be from heuristics or other sources of weak supervision such as crowd-sourcing. This creates a fundamental qualityversus-quantity trade-off in the learning process. Do we learn from the...

Despite the computational resources present today, rendering high fidelity real-time graphics is a computationally intensive task. Although designers and developers of virtual learning environments typically strive for high fidelity graphics, evidence suggests that high fidelity graphics does not always lead to greater learning. Here we describe work in progress that is seeing the development o...

Electrohydrodynamic patterning of arbitrary patterns is achieved by optimizing the critical parameters (applied voltage and spacer height). The applied voltage has a great influence on the fidelity of L-shaped line structures with different sizes. The L-shaped line structures with high fidelity are obtained by using the moderate applied voltage. The spacer height has a great influence on the fi...

Therminator DNA polymerase is an efficient DNA-dependent TNA polymerase capable of polymerizing TNA oligomers of at least 80 nt in length. In order for Therminator to be useful for the in vitro selection of functional TNA sequences, its TNA synthesis fidelity must be high enough to preserve successful sequences. We used sequencing to examine the fidelity of Therminator-catalyzed TNA synthesis a...

Two nucleoside analog resistance mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), E89G and M184V, were previously shown to increase the dNTP insertion fidelity of HIV-1 RT. However, forward mutation assays using a lacZ alpha reporter gene have revealed a lack of impact on the overall error rate of these variants. In an effort to investigate the basis for this discrepancy, we have examined whether...

BACKGROUND Treatment fidelity has previously been defined as the degree to which a treatment or intervention is delivered to participants as intended. Underreporting of fidelity in primary care randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of complex interventions reduces our confidence that findings are due to the treatment or intervention being investigated, rather than unknown confounders. AIM We ai...

We present the results of a study designed to empirically test predictions derived from two hypotheses regarding human female orgasm behavior as an evolved communicative trait or signal. One hypothesis tested was the female fidelity hypothesis, which posits that human female orgasm signals a woman's sexual satisfaction and therefore her likelihood of future fidelity to a partner. The other was ...