Generally, aspiration of fluids, ruminal contents or foreign material into the upper respiratory tract, bronchi and lungs lead to pneumonia in bovines. An adult female Murrah buffalo was presented for postmortem examination. Complete blood count examination live animal revealed leuckocytosis with shift left. On basis gross microscopical lesions, this case concluded as a result regurgitated alon...

Villous adenomas are known to occur in gastrointestinal tract; however, they very rare female genital tract. The pathogenesis is unclear but their origin from cloacal remnants has been hypothesized. Here we report a incidental case of primary villous adenoma with high grade dysplasia arising vaginal vault 28-year-old who presented abnormal bleeding. importance reporting this lies its pre-malign...

The female genital tract is rarely involved by coccidioidomycosis. We describe a woman with disseminated coccidioidomycosis involving the female pelvic organs associated with elevated tumor markers CA 125 and CA 19-9. She had no fevers and the initial clinical suspicion was a malignancy because of the elevated tumor markers. At exploratory laparotomy a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral...

One case of giant-cell arteritis involving the female genital tract of a post-menopausal woman is reported. The patient was a 75 year-old female, who presented anemia, fatigue, weight loss and a palpable abdominal mass. A hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy proved multiple uterine leiomyomas. The uterus, ovaries and tubes unexpectedly revealed extensive giant-cell arteritis of smal...

Objective: To compare gender difference on renal pelvic size and urinary bladder volume (BV) in normal male and female fetuses at 37 weeks of gestational age (GA) using ultrasound. Methods: 414 normal singleton pregnancies of 37 weeks GA were included. In each fetus, antero-posterior (AP) diameter of the renal pelvis and BV was measured. Results: Male fetuses were found to have greater AP diame...

While sperm competition risk favours males transferring many sperm to secure fertilizations, females of a variety of species actively reduce sperm numbers reaching their reproductive tract, e.g. by extrusion or killing. Potential benefits of spermicide to females include nutritional gains, influence over sperm storage and paternity, and the elimination of sperm bearing somatic mutations that wo...

Spermatozoa after being deposited in the female reproductive tract spend a considerable time in this foreign environment prior to fertilization of the oocyte. Chang and Austin independently observed1,2 that this time spent by the spermatozoa in the female tract is not consequential but a necessary event in the life cycle of the male gamete, and Austin2 first called this maturation period of spe...

The process of sperm transport in the female reproductive tract is more than simply a migration of spermatozoa from the site of insemination to the site of fertilization. Rather, it is a complex and dynamic continuum that encompasses phases of sperm distribution within the tract, the accumulation of spermatozoa in reservoirs, the modulation of sperm physiology and acquisition of fertilization c...

Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. Several ch...

Superficial myofibroblastoma of the lower female genital tract is a rare benign, recently recognized neoplasm that mostly affects the vulvovaginal area. Our report discusses a case of cervical superficial myofibroblastoma of the lower female genital tract in a 45-year-old patient who is presented with menometrorrhagia. On examination, she had multiple uterine fibroids and a circumscribed submuc...