This article re-examines energy and nutrition available to British working-class households in the late 1930s using individual household expenditure consumption data. We use these data address a number of questions. First, what was extent malnutrition Britain? Second, how did incidence change over time? Third, were nutritional consequences school meals milk schemes? conclude that, for working h...

Abstract In response to the beginnings of COVID-19 pandemic, India’s government instituted a severe nationwide lockdown in late March 2020. this paper, we analyze household survey data on income from an Indian state, Punjab. We impacts pandemic and total income, as well its components, including wages, business transfers. This paper innovates area by using Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood esti...

Using a 5-year household panel data from Korea, this paper identifies the vulnerable households and their coping strategies during 1994-1998. We find that (i) larger households tend to be more protected from shortfalls in consumption; (ii) households with young children tend to decrease consumption of other items to achieve higher spending on children’s education; (iii) female-headed households...

This study examines the gender-differentiated effects of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) on households in Zimbabwe during 1991. Interviews and focus groups were conducted among 120 randomly selected households in Kambuzuma, a densely populated suburb of Harare with mostly Black residents with a considerable range in income. Interviews were conducted in mid-1991 and reinterviews were con...

We examined population-based surveillance data from the Tennessee Emerging Infections Program to determine whether neighborhood socioeconomic status was associated with influenza hospitalization rates. Hospitalization data collected during October 2007-April 2014 were geocoded (N = 1,743) and linked to neighborhood socioeconomic data. We calculated age-standardized annual incidence rates, relat...

Basic services have improved in many urban areas of South Africa, which should improve health and well-being. However, poverty and ill-health persist and are unequally distributed by race, class and place. This paper explores conditions of the most marginalized group, female-headed households, in a case study of Msunduzi Municipality (formerly Pietermaritzburg). Data from two household surveys ...

Introduction: Reliance on out-of-pockets (OOP) payments for health services has continued to hamper access quality healthcare across Nigeria. Socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the gender household head as it influences impacts shocks OOP have received very little attention globally. This study investigated perspective shocks, expenditures coping mechanisms in North Central...

This paper investigates the economic impact of health shocks on working-age adults in Vietnam during 2004-2008, using a fixed effects specification. Health shocks cover disability and morbidity and are measured by 'days unable to carry out regular activity', 'days in bed due to illness/injury', and 'hospitalization'. Overall, Vietnamese households are able to smooth total non-health expenditure...