BACKGROUND The MEAM1 (B biotype) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the most widespread and damaging whitefly cryptic species. Our previous studies discovered that the MEAM1 whitefly indirectly benefits from interactions with the tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) via accelerated ovarian development and increased fecundity. However, the physiological mechanism of begomoviruse-infec...

Gut fluorescence analysis of Calanus paczjkus and Metridia pacijica is used to describe variation in food intake rate at time scales of one to several hours. The animals are starved before each experiment, then exposed continuously to phytoplankton cultures. Variability of gut fullness is large (order IO-fold) between individual copepods captured at the same time and is about proportional to th...

I. Eight groups each of four castrated male pigs, 25-30 kg initial body-weight, were kept for periods of 3 weeks in a calorimeter equipped as a pig pen and maintained at either 8" or zoo. At each temperature two feeding levels (g food/kg body-weight per d) were used, 45 and 52 at So, and 39 and 45 at 20'. Metabolizable energy, heat loss and nitrogen balance were measured. 2. Heat loss was highe...

Very little is known about alterations in microclimate when an herbivore feeds on host plant. Modifications of leaf transmittance properties induced by feeding activity of the leaf miner Phyllonorycter blancardella F. were measured using a spectrometer. Their effects on the herbivore's body temperature and respiration rate have been determined under controlled conditions and varying radiation l...

introduction: severe early childhood caries is the presence of smooth-surface caries in children younger than three years of age. this rampant form of dental caries exerts a negative impact on the quality of life of both the child and the family .the purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for severe early childhood caries (s-ecc) among 2-3 year-old children in rasht. material...

introduction: present children are the investments of community in the future. preparing children health which leads to the stability of community health, provided to accurate implementation of educational and health programs in the community and especially in mothers. so it is necessary to determine the relationship between parents' literacy with growth rate in children.   materials and m...

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is a common problem in neonates. It is observed during the first week of the life in approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm neonates. Kernicterus is a rare but serious consequence of undiagnosed hyperbilirubinemia. In this situation, indirect bilirubin deposit in the brain and causes transient dysfunction and occasionally permanent neuronal damage. The aim o...

Here, we report the results of a species level phylogenetic study of Cephaloleia beetles designed to clarify relationships and patterns of host plant taxon and tissue use among species. Our study is based on up to 2088bp of mtDNA sequence data. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference consistently recover a monophyletic Cephaloleia outside of a basal...