Cooperators that refuse to participate in sanctioning defectors create the second-order free-rider problem. Such cooperators will not be punished because they contribute to the public good, but they also eschew the costs associated with punishing defectors. Altruistic punishers — those that cooperate and punish — are at a disadvantage, and it is puzzling how such behaviour has evolved. We show ...

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Pattern recognition is at the heart of clinical dermatology and dermatopathology. Yet, while every practitioner of the art of dermatological diagnosis recognizes the supreme value of diagnostic cues provided by defined patterns of 'efflorescences', few contemplate on the biological basis of pattern formation in and of skin lesions. Vice versa, developmental and theoretical biologists, who would...

Drosophila, Wnt, FGF, Jak/Stat, Rho, Rac, RhoGEF, Pebble, Naked Cuticle The site for the latest installment of the Fly Meeting (March 7–11) was downtown Philadelphia. The conference offered an illustration of all that is great about the Drosophila field bringing together evolutionary biologists, immunologists and everyone in between. Here I will provide a small sample of several advances from t...

Several phenomena can be described by a number of densities (of mass, population, probability, ...) distributed in a domain and subject to di↵usion, reaction, and either cooperative or competitive interaction. Whenever the interaction is the prevailing mechanism, one can reasonably expect pattern formation and, in the competitive case, that the several densities can not coexist and tend to segr...

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