The aim of the present research was to compare resilience, self-efficacy, hope and optimism between substance-dependent individuals and normal subjects. In this research, a sample of 160 individuals (80 substance-dependent subjects reffering to addiction treatment centers in Shahrood and 80 normal subjects) were selected using convenient sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. P...

Introduction: The purpose of the research was to determine relationship of coping sterategies, self-efficacy and sensation seeking with aptitude of substance use in the students. Method: The population of the study included students of Islamic Azad University Ardabil Branch. The research sample consisted of 313 students who were studying in Islamic Azad University Ardabil Branch. To collect the...