The purpose of this study was to examine the disposition of diphenhydramine (DPHM) across the ovine blood-brain barrier (BBB). In six adult sheep, we characterized the central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics of DPHM in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using microdialysis in two experiments. In the first experiment, DPHM was administered via a five-step i.v. in...

A variety of lesions of the central nervous system may be associated with disturbances of renal function characterized by either the increased urinary loss of sodium and chloride (1-3) or the retention of salt (3-8). It has also been postulated that changes in the excretion of salt, secondary to alterations in the volume of blood or extracellular fluid, are mediated by a "volume receptor" locat...

We describe a laboratory experience for upper-level science students that provides a hands-on approach to understanding the basics of experimental physiology. A pre-lab, interactive tutorial develops the rationale for this experiment by reviewing the renal and cardiovascular mechanisms involved in the response to extracellular fluid volume expansion. After a hypothesis is stated, an experiment ...

The effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) osmolarity on the CSF volume has been studied on different CSF/brain tissue contact areas. It has been shown, on anesthetized cats under normal CSF pressure, that the perfusion of CSF system (12.96 μl/min) by hyperosmolar CSF (400 mOsml/l) leads to significantly higher outflow volume (μl/min) during ventriculo-cisternal perfusion (29.36 ± 1.17 and 33.50 ±...

The neuregulins are a family of polypeptide factors implicated in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. Many alternatively-spliced forms of the NRG1 gene are released as soluble factors that can diffuse to near and distant sites within the nervous system where they can accumulate through binding to highly spe...

AIM To obtain a causal relationship between changes in plasma sodium levels and increased extracellular fluid volume between post-hemodialysis and pre-hemodialysis on the following day or plasma sodium serves as a predictor of extracellular fluid volume. METHODS The study was conducted on 40 subjects randomly selected from the 247 chronic hemodialysis patients in Hemodialysis Unit of Nephrolo...

Gliocladium virens is a common saprophytic fungus that is mycoparasitic on a large number of fungi. Responses of G. virens toward its environment were examined by monitoring the presence of extracellular proteins in culture fluid during time course experiments. Culture fluid of G. virens grown on glucose, washed cell walls of Rhizoctonia solani (one of its hosts), olive oil, or chitin contained...