In this paper we study the flux through a finite Markov chain of a quantity, that we will call mass, which moves through the states of the chain according to the Markov transition probabilities. Mass is supplied by an external source and accumulates in the absorbing states of the chain. We believe that studying how this conserved quantity evolves through the transient (non-absorbing) states of ...

We are studying finite fermion density states in Maxwell QED2+1 with external magnetic field. It is shown that at any fermion density the energy of some magnetized states may be less than that of the state with the same density, but no magnetic field. Magnetized states are described by the effective Maxwell-ChernSimons QED2+1 Lagrangian with gauge field mass proportional to the number of filled...

In this paper, we introduce a notion of generalized states from an EQ-algebra E1 to another EQ-algebra E2, which is a generalization of internal states (or state operators) on an EQ-algebra E. Also we give a type of special generalized state from an EQ-algebra E1 to E1, called generalized internal states (or GI-state). Then we give some examples and basic properties of generalized (internal) st...

We investigate the effect of an external magnetic field on the carrier states that are localized at a potential kink and a kink-antikink in bilayer graphene. These chiral states are localized at the interface between two potential regions with opposite signs.PACS numbers: 71.10.Pm, 73.21.-b, 81.05.Uw.

Ethnic identity is explained through the lens of collective action theory. Like other groups (Tribes, Fuedal states, international organizations, nation states, etc.,) ethnic groups are a result of an individuals cost-benefit analysis that maximizes wealth and security. External variables associated with social relations determine the individual’s cost benefit analysis to choose ethnicity over ...

We study the existence of ground states to a nonlinear fractional Kirchhoff equation with an external potential V . Under suitable assumptions on V , using the monotonicity trick and the profile decomposition, we prove the existence of ground states. In particular, the nonlinearity does not satisfy the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz type condition or monotonicity assumptions.

For a given excited state there exist densities that arise from more than one external potential. This is due to a qualitatively different energy-density relationship from that of the ground state and is related to positive eigenvalues in the nonlocal susceptibility for excited states. Resulting problems with the generalization of the density functional methodology to excited states are discussed.

Within a single-electron picture and perturbation theory, expressions for the electrical conductivity !exemplified by the Kubo-Greenwood formula" exhibit divergences for degenerate states and states which are near resonance with an ac field. In this paper, we obtain expressions for the conductivity starting with a manyparticle approach, and we emphasize the importance of quantum statistics for ...

In federal systems, governments can learn from the external policy experiments of other governments or from the internal experiments of lower levels of government. In this paper we explore the degree to which states traded off these two forms of learning in their youth access antismoking adoptions between 1996 and 2005. Using a dyad-year event history analysis, we find that states were more lik...