Background: The Viridiplantae comprise two major phyla: the Streptophyta, containing the charophycean green algae and all land plants, and the Chlorophyta, containing the remaining green algae. Despite recent progress in unravelling phylogenetic relationships among major green plant lineages, problematic nodes still remain in the green tree of life. One of the major issues concerns the scaly bi...

The classical problem of the thermal explosion in a long cylindrical vessel is modified so that only a fraction alpha of its wall is ideally thermally conducting while the remaining fraction 1-alpha is thermally isolated. Partial isolation of the wall naturally reduces the critical radius of the vessel. Most interesting is the case when the structure of the boundary is a periodic one, so that t...

Genetic evolution is slow. Progress in artificial intelligence is fast (Kurzweil 2005). Only a handful of genes separate Homo sapiens from our hominid ancestors on the African savannah. Among our 23,000-odd protein-coding genes, variance in single nucleotide polymorphisms accounts for just a small percentage of phenotypic variance in intelligence as measured by what we call IQ tests. True, the ...

This paper provides the first look at patent litigation hazards for public firms during the 80s and 90s. Consistent with our model, litigation is more likely when prospective defendants spend more on R&D, when prospective plaintiffs acquire more patents and when firms are larger and technologically close. Public firms face dramatically increased hazards of litigation as plaintiffs and even more...

The Precambrian genesis plus Cambrian explosion scenario also implies a perplexing view of a major evolutionary radiation: a long period of cryptic speciation with increasing developmental complexity and anatomical sophistication, yet without substantial behavioural or ecological modification or diversification, followed by a sudden increase in morphological and ecological innovation. Page 1046...

The last few years have seen an explosion of interest in hydrodynamic effects interacting electron systems ultra-pure materials. One such material, graphene, is not only excellent platform for the experimental realization flow electrons, but also allows a controlled derivation equations on basis kinetic theory. resulting theory electronic transport graphene yields quantitative predictions exper...

In the whole life cycle of SRM, it has to bear many kinds loads, such as temperature, gravity, vibration, ignition impact, axial overload and so on. Under these damage aging will occur in SRM propellant grain, creep effect under gravity expand even change grain shape. addition, bonding interface charge structure may be deboning, combustion leads increase failure surface, which seriously weakens...