Probabilistic model; Inventory; Varying order cost; Holding cost; Lead-time demand; Uniform distribution; Safety stock Abstract This paper discusses the probabilistic backorders inventory system when the order cost unit is a function of the order quantity. Our objective is to minimize the expected annual total cost under a restriction on the expected annual holding cost when the lead time deman...

Although the lost profit from lost business is quite difficult to estimate for the queuing systems with cyclic demands, this paper presents a creative and effective approach to formulate waiting cost including balking loss and reneging loss. The balking probability is defined as the balking index θ1 multiplying by the expected queue length Lq and the reneging probability is defined as the reneg...

With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), access to insurance and coverage of preventive care services has been expanded. By removing the barrier of shared costs for preventive care, it is expected that an increase in utilization of preventive care services will reduce the cost of chronic diseases. Early detection and treatment is anticipated to be less costly than treatment at ...