BACKGROUND The least costly management strategy for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy is unclear. METHODS A decision model incorporating cost ratios, test accuracy, complication, and failure rates was used to determine the costs of 4 peri-laparoscopic cholecystectomy strategies: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), intraoperative cholangiography (IOCG), endosc...

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion is a multifactorial problem with exasperating and challenging aspects in reproductive medicine. It is defined as two or more consecutive loss of clinical pregnancies. However, the incidence of RPL is less than 5% in pregnant women but its etiology is diverse and varied and also for more than 50% of cases is not clearly d...

The expectations of a successful outcome during childbirth are high for all of the parties concerned. The overall objective of prenatal care and birth care is that midwives contribute to create the most positive experience for the expectant parents concerning their pregnancy, the actual childbirth and the child’s infancy. During the past thirty years, there has been a significant increase in Ca...

The advent of high-resolution transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) has revolutionized our understanding of the pathophysiology and the management of early pregnancy failure. Knowledge of the ultrasound appearances of normal early pregnancy development and a good understanding of its pitfalls are essential for the diagnosis and management of early pregnancy failure. Ultrasound imaging has rapidly repla...

Pregnancy is considered late term from 41 weeks, 0 days' to 41 weeks, 6 days' gestation, and postterm at 42 weeks' gestation. Early dating of the pregnancy is important for accurately determining when a pregnancy is late- or postterm, and first-trimester ultrasonography should be performed if clinical dating is uncertain. Optimal management of a low-risk, late-term pregnancy should consider mat...

The two main conservative treatment alternatives for tubal pregnancy, methotrexate administration and laparoscopic salpingostomy are under constant review. Recently, expectant management of tubal pregnancy has become increasingly popular. In this review, we assess the outcome of conservative management modalities for extrauterine pregnancy and compare the results of treatment with methotrexate ...

OBJECTIVE To assess patients' preferences for diagnostic management of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). DESIGN A structured interview. SETTING A teaching hospital with office hysteroscopy facilities. POPULATION Thirty-nine women with PMB and with a completed work-up including an office hysteroscopy. METHODS A structured interview was taken from 39 women who had had an office hysteroscopy ...

PURPOSE We updated our experience with a strategy of expectant treatment for men with stage T1c prostate cancer and evaluated predictors of disease intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 407 men with a median age of 65.7 years (range 45.8 to 81.5) with stage T1c (99.8%) or T2a (0.2%) prostate cancer suspected of harboring small volume prostate cancer based on needle biopsy findings an...