The Arabic language is the of eloquence, and God Almighty has honored it with revelation Qur'an on methods its people in discourse. And when was revealed, witnessed peak maturity that made fit to challenge eloquent Arabs a hadith like Qur'an. were unable come up fluent words similar being challenged extremely graceful, most incapable rhetoric, astonishing listeners, capturing minds hearts as if...

The influence of Eric Griffiths looms large in this book. In his 1989 study The Printed Voice of Victorian Poetry, Griffiths examines the negotiation between spoken and written language that is central to the reading of Victorian poetry. In The Art of Eloquence, Matthew Bevis uses a similarly comparative approach to the languages of speech and writing as the basis for his analysis of the relati...

INTRODUCTION Advertising is one of the most fascinating phenomena in modern capitalist markets. It is pervasive, perplexing, multidimensional, and unfathomably rich. It is seemingly simple, yet full of paradoxes. Lay people and some experts assume they understand well how advertising works. Yet their simple conclusions may be quite wrong. Decades of research seem to have led to some generalizat...

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) is a causal graph, which shows the relations between essential components in complex systems. Experts who are familiar with the system components and their relations can generate a related FCM. There is a big gap when human experts cannot produce FCM or even there is no expert to produce the related FCM. Therefore, a new mechanism must be used to bridge this gap. In ...

In a reward-seeking task performed in a continuous environment, our previous work compared several Actor-Critic (AC) architectures implementing dopamine-like reinforcement learning mechanisms in the rat’s basal ganglia. The task complexity imposes the coordination of several AC submodules, each module being an expert trained in a particular subset of the task. We showed that the classical metho...

We consider a cross-calibration test of predictions by multiple potential experts in a stochastic environment. This test checks whether each expert is calibrated conditional on the predictions made by other experts. We show that this test is good in the sense that a true expert—one informed of the true distribution of the process—is guaranteed to pass the test no matter what the other potential...