We demonstrate the applicability of sequential Diels-Alder and azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions (click chemistry) for the immobilization of carbohydrates and proteins onto a solid surface. An alpha,omega-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker carrying alkyne and cyclodiene terminal groups was synthesized and immobilized onto an N-(epsilon-maleimidocaproyl) (EMC)-functionalized glass sli...

Thermally responsive bulk polymer films utilizing reversible Diels-Alder chemistry have been developed. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were passivated with thiol-terminated poly(styrene)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PS-b-PEG) copolymer ligand, where the PS and PEG blocks are joined via a Diels-Alder (DA) linkage. The ligand-functionalized nanoparticles were dispersed within a microphase-separated PS-b-...

Cyclic polyene with six carbon atoms (benzene) is very stable, whereas cyclic polyene with four carbon atoms (cyclobutadiene) is extremely unstable. The electron-withdrawing pentafluorophenyl group of a substituted cyclobutadiene lowers the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, greatly increasing its reactivity as a diene in Diels-Alder reactions with acetylene, ethylene and even b...

The on-going need for feature miniaturization and the growing complexity of structures for use in nanotechnology demand the precise and controlled formation of covalent bonds at the molecular level. Such control requires the use of external stimuli that offer outstanding spatial, temporal, as well as energetic resolution. Thus, photoaddressable switches are excellent candidates for creating a s...

In long-lived N-fixing plants, environmental conditions affecting plant growth and N demand vary at multiple temporal and spatial scales, and symbiont assemblages on a given host and patterns of allocation to nodule activities have been shown to vary according to environmental factors, suggesting that hosts may alter partner choice and manipulate symbiont assemblages based on shifting plant nee...

Fabrizio Tamburini, Bo Thidé, Gabriel Molina-Terriza and Gabriele Anzolin Department of Astronomy, University of Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy, EU Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 537, Ångström Laboratory, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden, EU QsciTech and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, 2109 NSW Australia ICFO, Parc Mediterrani de la Tecnolo...

This paper presents the results of a pioneering venture into opening up the black box of the EU judicial process and determining how the European Court of Justice and national courts work together. The project investigates the effects of certain independent variables legal system experience, issue transparency and compliance upon courts’ decisions to maneuver strategically within the referral p...

Nowadays, options are common financial derivatives. For this reason, by increase of applications for these financial derivatives, the problem of options pricing is one of the most important economic issues. With the development of stochastic models, the need for randomly computational methods caused the generation of a new field called financial engineering. In the financial engineering the pre...

The spatial influences of host and nonhost trees and shrubs on the colonization patterns of white pine weevil Pissodes strobi (Peck) were studied within a stand of planted interior hybrid spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x Picea engelmannii (Parry) ex Engelm.]. Planted spruce accounted for one third of all trees within the stand, whereas the remaining two thirds were comprised of early-succes...

The influence of the thermal modification process on wood machinability was investigated with four minor species of low economic importance. A set of representative experimental samples was machined to the form of disks with sharp and dull tools. The resulting surface quality was visually evaluated by a team of experts according to the American standard procedure ASTM D-1666-87. The objective q...