We study the thermodynamic properties of a partially ionized hydrogen plasma in strong magnetic fields, B ∼ 10 − 10 G, typical of neutron stars. The properties of the plasma depend significantly on the quantum-mechanical sizes and binding energies of the atoms, which are strongly modified by thermal motion across the field. We use new fitting formulas for the atomic binding energies and sizes, ...

The energy conditions of Einstein gravity (classical general relativity) are designed to extract as much information as possible from classical general relativity without enforcing a particular equation of state for the stress-energy. This systematic avoidance of the need to specify a particular equation of state is particularly useful in a cosmological setting — since the equation of state for...

A method is described for fitting equations to enzyme kinetic data that requires minimal assumptions about the error structure of the data. The dependence of the variances on the velocities is not assumed, but is deduced from internal evidence in the data. The effect of very bad observations ('outliers') is mitigated by decreasing the weight of observations that give large deviations from the f...

Adaptive wave model for financial option pricing is proposed, as a high-complexity alternative to the standard Black-Scholes model. The new option-pricing model, representing a controlled Brownian motion, includes two wave-type approaches: nonlinear and quantum, both based on (adaptive form of) the Schrödinger equation. The nonlinear approach comes in two flavors: for the case of constant volat...

We present ab initio calculations of the phase diagram and the equation of state of Ta in a wide range of volumes and temperatures, with volumes from 9 to 180 Å/atom, temperature as high as 20 000 K, and pressure up to 7 Mbars. The calculations are based on first principles, in combination with techniques of molecular dynamics, thermodynamic integration, and statistical modeling. Multiple phase...

Eight rats pressed levers for varying concentrations of sucrose in water under eight variable-interval schedules that specified a wide range of reinforcement rate. Herrnstein's (1970) hyperbolic equation described the relation between reinforcement and responding well. Although the y asymptote, k, of the hyperbola appeared roughly constant over conditions that approximated conditions used by He...

The energy conditions of Einstein gravity (classical general relativity) are designed to extract as much information as possible from classical general relativity without enforcing a particular equation of state for the stress-energy. This systematic avoidance of the need to specify a particular equation of state is particularly useful in a cosmological setting — since the equation of state for...

Thermal decomposition kinetics of calcium carbonate was studied by non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates. The reaction mechanism was found to follow a two-dimensional phase boundary-controlled model by modelfree and model-fitting methods. Two non-Arrhenius equations (Harcourt–Esson equation and Berthelot–Hood equation) were used to interpret the decomposition kine...

In order to clarify the adsorption behavior of cationic surfactants on the air/aqueous electrolyte solution surface, we derived the theoretical equation for the surface tension. The equation includes the electrical work required for charging the air/water surface and the work attributable to the configurational entropy in the adsorbed film. By fitting the equation to the experimental data, we d...

In recursive linear models, the multivariate normal joint distribution of all variables exhibits a dependence structure induced by recursive systems of linear structural equations. Such models appear in particular in seemingly unrelated regressions, structural equation modelling, simultaneous equation systems, and in Gaussian graphical modelling. We show that recursive linear models that are ‘b...