Many evolutionary processes are influenced by environmental variation over space and time, including genetic divergence among populations, speciation and evolutionary change in morphology, physiology and behaviour. Yet, evolutionary biologists have generally not taken advantage of the extensive environmental data available from geographic information systems (GIS). For example, studies of phylo...

Acknowledgements Although the actual writing of this thesis has been done by one person, there are a number of people without whom this thesis had never been written. These people, by offering support, ideas, critiques and various comments related and completely unrelated to the subject of this thesis, have guided the writing of this thesis as much as I did myself. First and foremost, out of a ...