the object of this cross sectional study was to determine the hcv subtype 3a envelope protein binding affinity with human leukocyte antigen. envelope 1 (e1) protein is one of the structural proteins responsible for entering the cells through the receptors. the binding affinity of e1 protein epitopes to the selected human leukocyte antigen (hla) class i alleles was investigated using the compute...

The murine Fv1 gene restricts infection by N- or B-tropic murine leukemia viruses at a postentry, preintegration stage. The Fv1-sensitive viruses previously used for the study of Fv1 encode an ecotropic envelope gene and thus only infect rodent cells. Consequently, the study of Fv1 restriction has been carried out solely in mice and murine cell lines. By infection with retroviral vectors contai...

Factors determining habitat variability are poorly understood despite possible explanations based on genome and physiology. This is because previous studies only focused on primary measures such as genome size and body size. In this study, we hypothesize that specific gene functions determine habitat variability in order to explore new factors beyond primary measures. We comprehensively evaluat...

CCR5 disruption by zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) is a promising method for HIV-1 gene therapy. However, successful clinical translation of this strategy necessitates the development of a safe and effective method for delivery into relevant cells. We used non-integrating lentivirus (NILV) for transient expression of ZFNs and pseudotyped the virus with HIV-envelope for targeted delivery to CD4(+) ...

We have investigated the role of CseA in the sigma(E) cell envelope stress response of the gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. sigma(E) is an extracytoplasmic function RNA polymerase sigma factor required for normal cell envelope integrity in S. coelicolor. sigma(E) is encoded within a four-gene operon that also encodes CseA, a protein of unknown function, CseB, a response regulato...

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters cells through a series of molecular interactions between the HIV envelope protein and cellular receptors, thus providing many opportunities to block infection. Entry inhibitors are currently being used in the clinic, and many more are under development. Unfortunately, as is the case for other classes of antiretroviral drugs that target later steps i...

Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by several freshwater, bloom-forming cyanobacterial species. Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria co-occur with a complex community of heterotrophic bacteria. Though conflicting, studies suggest that microcystins affect the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria by inducing oxidative stress and increasing cell envelope permeability. Based on these ob...

During the last 15 years, much progress has been made in discovering genes encoding solute transporters of the inner plastid envelope membrane. For example, genes encoding transporters for phosphorylated intermediates, dicarboxylates, adenine nucleotides, inorganic anions, and monosaccharides have been cloned. In many cases, the corresponding proteins have been expressed in recombinant host sys...

Just as people head to the beaches for a well-deserved rest, accumulating evidence suggests that transcription factors take similar 'vacations' at the nuclear envelope. Recent studies indicate that the periphery of the nucleus provides a platform for sequestering transcription factors away from chromatin. Several transcriptional regulators, operating in different signal-transduction pathways, h...

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming-based approach for evaluates the relative efficiency of a set of DMUs (Decision Making Units). The relative efficiency of a DMU is the result of comparing the inputs and outputs of the DMU and those of other DMUs in the PPS (Production Possibility Set). Also, in Data Envelopment Analysis various models have been developed in order to...