introduction: hospitals are responsible to respond to legitimate demands for health information release while protecting the confidentiality of patient health records. this study investigated and compared laws and policies of health information disclosure for legal authorities in iran and some selected countries. methods: this descriptive-comparative study included health information disclosure...

Over the past 20 years, there has been an unprecedented increase in sports labour migration, international competition and litigation arising from sports injuries. As athletes move between jurisdictions and play abroad more frequently, the legal norms that they encounter are often radically different from those with which they may be familiar in their home country. This paper examines the simil...

generally speaking, tax is deemed as a manifestation of the government's authority and plays a key role in procuring public revenues, as the most critical factor. indeed, we might say, that continuity of the governmental activities depend on receiving taxes. thus, taxes occupy a high rank of importance in most of the countries, especially iran and england. therefore, lots of powers and privileg...

Ronald Dworkin wrote nothing or very little about the fundamental political issues of crime and punishment. This article proposes a Dworkinian reading such issues. It focuses on two aspects Dworkin’s work: 1) his criticism judicial discretion, 2) “law as integrity” theory (legislative adjudicative principle). Integrity Law in Western legal traditions is examined from bifurcated approach: one ha...

The current historical consensus is that English common law was somewhat confused, but coerced servitude legal in England before 1772, and certainly its empire, where on slavery did not reach, because it “beyond the line” of justice. characterized by an effort to see continuity consistency, historians (despite our natural desire track change) often look for those patterns too. Such efforts prov...