For about a decade the term endocrine disruptor has become synonymous with a new research initiative that has been investigating the effects of hormonally active xenobiotics on biological systems. The scientific thesis behind the new research initiative is discussed and it is argued that there is a need for more emphasis on theory development and conceptual clarification that will give coherenc...

There have been several case studies of the impact of chemical contaminants on birds at the level of individuals or populations. While many of the chemicals involved in these incidents have been classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals or endocrine active substances (EASs) the mechanisms by which these chemicals affect birds are not clearly or fully understood.

Endocrine society has evidence that plastics can disrupt the endocrine system to cause severe diseases in humans and animals. However, are still used a variety of models for their applications. The overproduction simultaneously increases health hazards human animal living society. pancreas is an produces insulin maintain glucose level blood when resists or does not synthesize causing diabetes m...

We focus on the crucial role of network architecture in the defence against targeted attacks. A two-stage strategic game between a network designer and a network disruptor is analyzed. Given a set of nodes, the designer builds a network by investing in costly links. In the second stage, the disruptor deletes (possibly in a costly way) some of the links or nodes to reduce the designer’s benefit ...

Prospective clinical studies have suggested that the rate of congenital cryptorchidism has increased since the 1950s. It has been hypothesized that this may be related to environmental factors. Testicular descent occurs in two phases controlled by Leydig cell-derived hormones insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and testosterone. Disorders in fetal androgen production/action or suppression of Insl3 a...