Yes. A country’s suitability for EMU entry depends on the intensity of trade with EMU members, and the extent to which its business cycles are correlated with those of other members. But both international trade patterns and international business cycle correlations are endogenous. Theoretically, economic integration has an ambiguous effect on the degree to which business cycles are correlated ...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis serbuk magnet barium heksaferit (BaFe12O19) dari senyawa klorida menggunakan metode sol-gel dengan variasi waktu aging selama 0 jam, 2 4 jam dan 6 jam. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada meliputi pengujian X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) mengetahui fasa terbentuk, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ukuran butir dihasilkan Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) nil...

We report room-temperature ferromagnetism of graphitic petal arrays grown on Si substrates by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition without catalyst. The samples have been characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm the absence of possible ferromagnetic impurities. The petals exhibit ferromagnetic hysteresis with saturation magnetization of ∼4.67 emu cm(-3) and c...

We examine the real option implicit in a country’s decision of whether to leave an existing monetary union when there is uncertainty over the future benefits of this move. Our theoretical model is calibrated for the current Euro-12 area by proxying policymakers’ inflation preferences with unemployment rates and debt-to-GDP ratios. We observe a robust group of countries that would choose to rema...

Particles of Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4-, were coated with polyaniline (PANI) sulphate and phosphate during in-situ polymerization of aniline in an aqueous solution of sulfuric and phosphoric acid. The PANI-ferrite composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Structures and morphology of products were studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Micr...

EU enlargement revives the debate around the participation to the EMU. We use a gravity model to see whether informal barriers have changed over a ten-year period covering the creation of the EMU, and whether their impact on European member countries’ agricultural and food trade has been modified. We find that it has led to lower information costs. We observe a diminishing marginal trade impact...

Few individuals are more closely associated with the project of European Economic Monetary Union (EMU) than Jacques Delors.1 As French finance minister between 1981 and 1984, Delors played a decisive role in le tournant de la rigueur, the economic U-turn that saw President François Mitterrand abandon expansionary policies in favour of fiscal consolidation, market reforms, and continued membersh...