Empyema is a serious complication of lobar and broncho-pneumonia, especially in children. Nearly 75 per cent of all empyemas occur under the age of ten years. Consequently the importance of early and adequate surgical treatment is evident; but, unfortunately, early diagnosis of empyema is not always easy. If the temperature does not subside after an attack of pneumonia or if the attack is undul...

Hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) is a rare immunodeficiency syndrome, with autosomal dominant inheritance, caused mainly due to STAT 3 mutation. The affected children usually present atopic dermatitis, recurrent staphylococcal infections, phenotypic characteristics and increased levels. Though, there case report of autoimmune thyroiditis in HIES, congenital hypothyroidism not reported. Here we HIES ty...

Pleural effusion is a common finding following pneumonia. It can become infected with accumulation of pus, forming empyema thoracis (ET), which is frequently encountered in childhood. Proper drainage and broadspectrum antibiotics are the mainstays of treatment. However, operative intervention is another mode of therapy in later stages of the condition. Election of either mode of therapy is a co...

thoracic surgery with poor prognosis unless treated properly. It can cause sepsis and other complications which may increase morbidity and mortality. The treatment of choices in pleural empyema are thoracentesis, intercostal tube or pleural catheter drainage, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and open surgery (1, 2). Tube drainage often fails if the empyema is loculated with fibrinous adhe...

Subdural Empyema (ESD) is the collection of purulent fluid that develops between the exterior "dura mater" layer and the middle "arachnoid mater" layer that covers the brain. ESD can be caused by a primary infection located in the paranasal sinuses. In many aerobic and/or anaerobic bacterial cases, hearing or traumatic processes serve as the causative agent. This report presents pharyngitis in ...