Watershed urbanization decreases diversity and taxonomic richness of aquatic insect communities, and headwater streams are particularly susceptible to degradation from urbanization. Patterns of taxon loss between urban headwater communities and communities in adjacent downstream, higher-order reaches might indicate which processes are controlling taxon loss and the extent to which unique headwa...

12 Agricultural activities mainly occur in rural areas; recently, ecological conservation 13 and biological diversity are being emphasized in rural communities to promote 14 sustainable development for rural communities, especially for rural communities in 15 Taiwan. Therefore, since 2005, many rural communities in Taiwan have compiled 16 their own development strategies in order to create thei...

introduction social security policies, and particularly the social insurance strategies, are awing important publicly supportive mechanisms to meet the communities’ social vulnerabilities. social insurance of rural people in iran has practically been conducted in recent years through the rural and nomadic social insurance fund. the widespread use of social insurance depends on the extent of its...

Although development organizations agree that reliable access to energy and energy services—one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals—is likely to have profound and perhaps disproportionate impacts on women, few studies have directly empirically estimated the impact of energy access on women’s empowerment. This is a result of both a relative dearth of energy access evaluations in general and ...

INTRODUCTION Members of rural communities face the dual burden of high rates of cardiovascular disease and barriers to accessing cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRPs). While rural healthcare providers recognise the need for local delivery of such programs, they are constrained by funding and resource limitations. METHODS This research sought to explore the feasibility, acceptance and support...

he World Development Report 2000/01: Attacking Poverty identifies three priority areas for poverty reduction: increasing opportunity, enhancing empowerment, and improving security. Opportunity makes markets work for the poor and expands poor people’s assets. Empowerment makes state institutions work better for poor people and removes social barriers. Security helps poor people manage risk [30]....

The majority of rural population in Iran has limited access to agricultural information. However, bridging the digital gap between urban and rural areas has been a major challenge for authorities in Iran. Using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for poverty reduction and for the economic empowerment of poor women and men in rural areas have been experienced world wide. Tele-centers ...