acceler acousti (1985) system animal Fristru transm describ of soun and treat high-frequency sound transmission in the atmosphere in terms of rays. Payne et al. (1986) were the first to document the use of lowfrequency sound or infrasound by elephants. Initial studies of elephants begun in zoos (Payne et al. 1986; Langbauer et al. 1989) were extended to the wild (Poole et al. 1988; Langbauer et...

How do animals determine when others are able and disposed to receive their communicative signals? In particular, it is futile to make a silent gesture when the intended audience cannot see it. Some non-human primates use the head and body orientation of their audience to infer visual attentiveness when signalling, but whether species relying less on visual information use such cues when produc...

The field of animal cognition has grown steadily for nearly four decades, but the primary focus has centered on easily kept lab animals of varying cognitive capacity, including rodents, birds and primates. Elephants (animals not easily kept in a laboratory) are generally thought of as highly social, cooperative, intelligent animals, yet few studies-with the exception of long-term behavioral fie...

Elephant-mediated transmission of tuberculosis is assumed to be similar to human models, which state close and prolonged contact with an infected individual is required for transmission. Although considered a risk factor for infection, several case studies have reported that close contact with an elephant is not always necessary for transmission, and the role of aerosolized bacteria remains unc...

Measurements from an Internet backbone link carrying TCP traffic towards different ADSL areas are analyzed in this paper. For traffic analysis, we adopt a flow based approach and the popular mice/elephants dichotomy. The originality of the experimental data reported in this paper, when compared with previous measurements from very high speed backbone links, is in that commercial traffic compris...

Increasing habitat fragmentation and human population growth in Africa has resulted in an escalation in human–elephant conflict between small-scale farmers and free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta Africana). In 2012 Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) implemented the national 10-year Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya, which includes an action aimed at testing whether ...

R868 Current Biology 26, R865–R881, October 10, 2016 problems. In the opening speech at the Inaugural Giants Club Summit held on 29th April 2016 at Laikipia, Kenya, Save the Elephants founder Iain Douglas-Hamilton laid out his hopes and fears for the future of the animal species for which he has worked for more than half a century. In the worst case, Douglas-Hamilton concluded, corruption and c...

Gaining information about conspecifics via long-distance vocalizations is crucial for social and spatially flexible species such as the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Female elephants are known to discriminate individuals and kin based on acoustic cues. Specifically, females approached the loudspeaker exclusively with playbacks of familiar individuals with high association indexes, inte...