The idea that the elementary particles might have the symmetry of knots has had a long history. In any modern formulation of this idea, however, the knot must be quantized. The present review is a summary of a small set of papers that began as an attempt to correlate the properties of quantized knots with empirical properties of the elementary particles. As the ideas behind these papers have de...

ABSTR4CT We consider the production of pion pairs in the Coulomb field by photons and pions, a method which can be used to study the 7r-r interaction. Simple general formulas are given for the angular correlations of the 71 pairs, the behavior of the cross section with angle and energy, and the effects of the p " coherent production background.. The question of the nature value of the T-T inter...

We study the sensitivity of the processes e+e− → lν̄l qq̄′ at LEP2 energies on the non-standard trilinear gauge couplings (TGC), using the optimal observables method. All relevant leading logarithmic corrections to the tree-order cross section, as well as experimental resolution effects have been studied. Taking into account correlations among the different TGC parameters we show that the limits ...

We investigate the sensitivity of the semileptonic processes e+e− → l−ν̄l q q̄′, l = e or μ, on the non-standard trilinear gauge couplings, using the optimal observables method at Linear Collider energies. Our study is based on the four-fermion generator ERATO. Taking into account all possible correlations between the different trilinear gauge coupling parameters, we show that they can be measure...

I have been asked to review the history of the formation of the Standard Model. It is natural to tell this story as a sequence of brilliant ideas and experiments, but here I will also talk about some of the misunderstandings and false starts that went along with this progress, and why some steps were not taken until long after they became possible. The study of what was not understood by scient...

During the past few years there haa accumulated so much experimental information on hyperons and heavy mesons that some of the many puzzling questions on these strange particles arebeing resolved. Under such circumstances one is often motivated to seek for an ordering principle by which one can understand why there are such particles as being known, why they are of such nature as being observed...

As explained in the official problem description set out by Arthur Jaffe and Edward Witten, Yang-Mills theory is a generalization of Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, in which the basic dynamical variable is a connection on a G-bundle over four-dimensional space-time. Its quantum version is the key ingredient in the Standard Model of the elementary particles and their interactions, and a so...

The mediators of the weak force—the W and Z bosons—are both roughly 100 times more massive than the proton, while the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic force, is massless. Based on symmetry principles, one would have expected the W , Z, and photon (collectively called gauge bosons) to all be massless. In order to generate the required symmetry breaking, one must invent a particular set...

According to modern physics, the mediators for all the fundamental forces of nature have spin S ≤ 2: photon for electrodynamics (S = 1), gluons for strong interactions (S = 1), bosons for the weak force (S = 1) and gravitons for the gravitational force (S = 2). Why? We show that the demand that the equations of a fundamental field are consistent in the classical limit (when quantum effects are ...