OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to provide a general method to help explain radiation exposure to patients presenting for nuclear medicine procedures. The concept is to convert the effective dose from any nuclear medicine procedure to the equivalent time in months or years to obtain the same effective dose from background radiation. METHODS The effective dose of each common diagnostic nu...

background : in spite of clinically useful photon and electron beams, high energy linacs produce secondary particles such as neutrons (photo-neutron production). neutrons have important roles during treatment with high energy photons in terms of protection and dose escalation. in this project, neutron dose equivalent of 18 mv varian accelerators is calculated by tld600 and tld700. materials and...

Neutrons constitute a major component in the radiation fi eld outside the shielding of particle accelerators. Consequently appropriate neutron dose meters are needed to survey the radiation levels. A thermo-luminescence based neutron dosemeter is used at the UNILAC as well as at the SIS. It has been modifi ed to improve the response for high energetic neutrons (extended range). We report on a t...

We discuss the general form of the mass terms that can appear in the effective field theories of coordinate-dependent compactifications à la Scherk-Schwarz. As an illustrative example, we consider an interacting five-dimensional theory compactified on the orbifold S/Z2, with a fermion subject to twisted periodicity conditions. We show how the same physics can be described by equivalent effectiv...

Aims: This study compares effective doses associated with 2D lateral, oblique, and AP radiographs with 3D MDCT and Cone Beam CT images of the foot and ankle. Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom of the foot and ankle was constructed from an adult human skeleton and soft tissue equivalent material. Optical stimulated dosimeters were placed at 21 locations within and on tissues and anatomy of inte...

The environmental neutron spectrum has been measured at Zacatecas City in Mexico. Neutron spectrum was unfolded from count rates obtained with a multisphere neutron spectrometer with a LiI(Eu) scintillator. With the spectrum information the ambient dose equivalent and the isotropic effective dose were calculated. A model based upon the geomagnetic latitude and the altitude above sea level, that...