We investigated lying as a collective-risk social dilemma. Misreporting resulted in increased individual earnings but when total claims reached certain threshold, all group members were at risk of collective sanction, regardless their behavior. Due to selfishness and miscoordination, most individuals earned less than the reservation payoff from honest reporting group. However, preferences for t...

Abstract Sanctions represent a prominent coercive tool that has been utilised extensively in addressing political tensions between nations. These measures are imposed both unilaterally and alliances of states, have become increasingly prevalent since the Second World War. In previous century, particularly before WWII, trade restrictions comprehensive economic blockades were dominant tools to sa...

Taking an interdisciplinary perspective, we examine the evolution of economic sanctions in post-World War II era and reflect on lessons that could be drawn from their features patterns use. We observe that, during this time, there has been a remarkable increase use as instrument foreign policy. classify period into four ‘eras’ discuss, context, how may linked to salient contemporaneous internat...

One of the main economic issues in Iran is issue sanctions. These sanctions have been imposed by various institutions and countries around world forms since 1979 against Iran. Economic affected large sections Iran’s economy. Meanwhile, had far-reaching effects on trade cycles The purpose this article to investigate impact structure business sanction index a tool for studying quantitative opinio...

The efficiency of domestic and export supplies natural gas largely determines the sustainable development Russian economy national security. At present, in context sanction restrictions increasing uncertainty global energy market, theoretical practical aspects economic investment projects industry are fundamental importance require further development. article discusses foundations category “ec...