Electronic mail is an important communication method for most computer users. Spam e-mails however consume bandwidth resource, fill-up server storage and are also a waste of time to tackle. The general way to label an e-mail as spam or non-spam is to set up a finite set of discriminative features and use a classifier for the detection. In most cases, the selection of such features is empiricall...

Many service providers prepare multiple servers to cope with over loading. In such cases, the problem is how to select the best server. Existing mechanisms impose user extra e ort or have less exibility. In this paper, we describes exible and wide applicable server selection mechanism. We add server selection function to DNS. It can coordinate various server evaluation methods and selection mec...

We investigate three alternative selection-based scenarios proposed to maintain polygenic variation: pleiotropic balancing selection, G x E interactions (with spatial or temporal variation in allelic effects), and sex-dependent allelic effects. Each analysis assumes an additive polygenic trait with n diallelic loci under stabilizing selection. We allow loci to have different effects and conside...

Antagonistic selection--where alleles at a locus have opposing effects on male and female fitness ("sexual antagonism") or between components of fitness ("antagonistic pleiotropy")--might play an important role in maintaining population genetic variation and in driving phylogenetic and genomic patterns of sexual dimorphism and life-history evolution. While prior theory has thoroughly characteri...

II. Interaction of light with matter 7 A. Absorption of radiation by matter 10 B. Spontaneous emission 13 C. Selection Rules: Transitions within the same electronic state 15 1. Rotational Selection Rules 16 2. Vibrational Selection Rules 17 D. Pure Rotation Transitions 18 E. Vibration-Rotation Transitions 22 1. Q branches 24 F. Electronic-Rotational-Vibrational Transitions 25 G. Selection Rules...

The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution predicts that the efficacy of both positive and purifying selection is a function of the long-term effective population size (N(e)) of a species. Under this theory, the efficacy of natural selection should increase with N(e). Here, we tested this simple prediction by surveying ~1.5 to 1.8 Mb of protein coding sequence in the two subspecies of the...

Whether intrathymic-positive and -negative selection of conventional alpha beta T cells occur in anatomically distinct sites is a matter of debate. By using a system composed of two distinct immune receptors, the Y-Ae mAb and the 1H3.1 (V alpha 1/V beta 6) TCR, both directed against the 52--68 fragment of the I-E alpha-chain (E alpha 52--68) bound to I-A(b), we examined the occurrence of negati...

In this paper, we develop a method to estimate time-varying treatment e ects in situations where dynamic selection into treatment may confound estimates of the treatment e ect. Doing so, emphasizes an important policy tool, the timing of treatment. We illustrate the challenges in using conventional approaches to control for selection in a static setting for a dynamic setting. The method we deve...

Nanobodies (Nbs) are the smallest functional antibody fragments known in nature and have multiple applications in biomedicine or environmental monitoring. Nbs are derived from the variable segment of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, known as VHH. For selection, libraries of VHH gene segments from naïve, immunized animals or of synthetic origin have been traditionally cloned in E. coli phage...

Adaptive service selection is acknowledged to provide a certain number of advantages to optimize the service provisioning process or to cater for advanced service brokering. Semantic Web Services, that is services that have been enriched with semantic annotations have often been used for providing adaptive service selection by deferring the binding of services until runtime. Thus far, however, ...