1. introduction dust storm is a natural phenomenon that occurs frequently in the arid and semi-arid regions all over the world (alijani, 1997). dust can affect soil fertility, forests, rivers, lakes, and marine ecosystems around the world (mctainsh et al., 2007). therefore, soil erosion can lead to the loss of the minerals and organic matter of topsoil. some elements of dust have also an indire...

Discounting the value of emission credits has been proposed as a possible approach for addressing some of the shortcomings of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It could be used to compensate for non-additional CDM projects; to increase the incentive for advanced developing countries to move from the CDM to own mitigation commitments; and to improve the competitiveness of less developed cou...

introduction atmosphere health is an important environmental issue and air pollution is not a local problem in a given area of the world. particles produced by either humans or the nature enter the atmosphere and return the earth’s surface at local, regional, or global scales after physico-chemical interactions. according to the reports by who, each year 2.4 million people lose their lives worl...

dust can be produced by almost all production processes in portland cement factory. dust exposure potentially can affect respiratory function. but evidence for respiratory effect of cement dust exposure has not been conclusive. in this study we assessed effect of cement dust exposure on respiratory function in a cement production factory. a respiratory symptoms questionnaire was completed and p...

the present study aimed at assessing cement dust exposure and its relationship to lung function at a portland cement factory in ilam, iran. lung function tests were carried out on 112 workers at the cement factory in 2008-09. simultaneously 85 non exposed workers were used as control. lung function tests were performed for all subjects. additionally, total dust level was determined by the gravi...

the aim of this study is to determine the area affected by dust storms in different wind speeds using satelliteimages. in the first step, windy conditions of the sistan plain were analyzed using wind statistics data. next, fivestormy days of zabol city, indicating different wind speeds and horizontal visibilities during those storms, wereselected. then, high temporal resolution modis data was u...

We compare the effects of taxes and quotas for an environmental problem where the regulator and polluter have asymmetric information about abatement costs, and environmental damage depends on pollution stock. An increase in the slope of the marginal abatement cost curve, or a decrease in the slope of the marginal damage curve, favors taxes. An increase in the discount rate or the stock decay ra...

We ask whether the threat of carbon tariffs might lower the cost of reductions in world carbon emissions by inducing unregulated regions to adopt emission controls. We use a calibrated simulation model to generate the payoffs of a game in which a coalition regulates its own emissions and chooses whether or not to employ carbon tariffs against unregulated regions. Unregulated regions respond by ...

We analyze bargaining over international climate agreements in a setting with incomplete information about abatement costs. Incomplete information is known as one of the key reasons why negotiations may fail more generally, and why efficiency gains cannot be exploited. We ask whether unilateral commitment to high abatement reduces or increases the likelihood for an efficient negotiation outcome...