OBJECTIVE To determine whether national drug control laws ensure that opioid drugs are available for medical and scientific purposes, as intended by the 1972 Protocol amendment to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. METHODS The authors examined whether the text of a convenience sample of drug laws from 15 countries: (i) acknowledged that opioid drugs are indispensable for the relief...

The central role of the liver in drug metabolism sets the stage for drug-related hepatotoxicity. The incidence of hepatotoxicity associated with non-narcotic analgesics is low, but their widespread use both prescription and over-the-counter-makes analgesic-associated hepatotoxicity a clinically and economically important problem. Hepatotoxicity is considered a class characteristic of nonsteroid...

A preliminary review of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) model drug control laws was conducted by the Pain & Policy Studies Group (PPSG) to determine whether the models provided governments with language they can use to carry out the obligation to ensure adequate availability of opioid analgesics for the relief of pain and suffering, specified in the Single Convention on Nar...

background: narcotic abuse by people accounts for major problems for developing countries such as iran. acute narcotic poisoning is one of the major mortality causes in these patients. the present study was designed to assess the clinical signs and symptoms of patients with narcotic poisoning at hospitals of yazd. methods: in this study, 500 patients with narcotic poisoning were assessed from n...

Over 25 years anti-opium laws were enacted by three Asian governments in countries where opium use was traditional. Within months, heroin use suddenly appeared; and within a decade, heroin addiction surpassed opium addiction. The laws led to (1) increased price of narcotic drugs, (2) a heroin "industry," (3) corruption of the law enforcement system, and (4) major health problems involving paren...

Simultaneous bilateral femoral neck fractures are extremely rare and associated with various conditions. Up to now Most cases had correlations with major trauma, repetitive minor trauma, seizure, parathyroid or renal dysfunction, anti-epileptic medications, seizure, etc. A 28-year-old addict man referred to us with a 10-year history of narcotic drug abuse and history of 8 months bilateral groin...

BACKGROUND In abdominal wall reconstruction, adequate pain control and minimization of narcotic consumption are essential to improving patient outcomes and satisfaction. Previous studies have examined the role of individual strategies, such as neuraxial analgesia and multimodal analgesia. However, there has not been a study that examined all potential determinants of postoperative narcotic requ...