The capture of subsoil water by wheat roots can make a valuable contribution to grain yield on deep soils. More extensive root systems can capture more water, but leave the soil in a drier state, potentially limiting water availability to subsequent crops. To evaluate the importance of these legacy effects, a long-term simulation analysis at eight sites in the semi-arid environment of Australia...

Andesites are refined and “cold” magmas compared to their basaltic parents, yet large volumes of andesites generated at continental arcs. We show that andesitic plutons favored when arc crust attains a thickness ~60 km while mafic small is thin. Using simple thermal models, we large, long-lived relatively cold partially molten zones, sustained by recharge hydrous magmas, depth thick due the red...

Metabolic energy budgeting (MEB) was used to evaluate evolution over 30 years (1980–1981 2010–2011) in New Zealand southern North Island ‘hill country’ sheep and beef cattle systems. MEB calculates required by animals for body weight maintenance, gain or loss, pregnancy, lactation estimate the system feed demand thereby provide a basis calculating conversion efficiency. Historic production syst...

Abstract Tropical dry forests (TDFs) worldwide have an environment-sensitive phenological signal, which easily marks their response to the changing climatic conditions, especially precipitation and temperature. Using TDF characteristics as a proxy, this study aims evaluate current continental climate change across Americas. Here, we show that TDFs are resilient water stress droughts by increasi...