Abstract The drag coefficient under tropical cyclones and its dependence on sea states are investigated by combining upper-ocean current observations [using electromagnetic autonomous profiling explorer (EM-APEX) floats deployed five cyclones] a coupled ocean–wave (Modular Ocean Model 6–WAVEWATCH III) model. estimated averaged over all storms is around 2–3 × 10 −3 for wind speeds of 25–55 m s −...

To ensure the structural stability of road signs against strong gusts wind, perforated with sign boards at regular intervals have been adopted for use in urban infrastructure. However, ASCE 7-22 standards do not consider drag coefficient low porosity, i.e., less than 30%. Therefore, here, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to analyze a porosity The aspect and clearance ra...

Trees are important natural wind engineering elements in both the urban and agricultural contexts, but their aerodynamic description has been limited by its focus on young, flexible trees. Here, we provide a reformulation of classical drag equation, which is also suitable for mature wind-adapted The new formulation based results from full-scale experiment with solitary oak tree, determined all ...

Time-dependent flows of a Newtonian fluid through periodic arrays of spheres were simulated using the lattice-Boltzmann scheme. By applying a constant body force per unit mass to the fluid, a steady background fluid flow through the array of stationary spheres was first established. Subsequently, a small-amplitude perturbation to the body force, which varied periodically in time, was added and ...