The so-called Monro-Kellie doctrine states that with an intact skull, the sum of the volume of the brain plus the cerebrospinal fluid volume plus the intracranial blood volume is constant. Therefore an increase in one should cause a reduction in one or both of the remaining two. The researcher who expressed the doctrine in such a way was indeed Harvey Cushing in 1925, during a lecture in Edinbu...

A central question in contemporary epistemology and philosophy of mind is whether the thesis of content externalism threatens a common doctrine about privileged access. According to this doctrine, an individual knows the contents of her thoughts independently of empirical observation. It is argued that if the contents of a subject’s thoughts are in part individuated by environmental factors, as...

I argue that opposition to contraception is not made any less implausible by the application of the Doctrine of Double Effect, as for example in the case of the recent argument according to which double effect can be deployed to make the prescription of Combined Oral Contraceptives compatible with Catholic teachings. I argue that opposition to contraception is not made any less implausible by t...

Niels Bohr's doctrine of the primacy of “classical concepts” is arguably his most criticized and misunderstood view. We present a new, careful historical analysis that makes clear that Bohr's doctrine was primarily an epistemological thesis, derived from his understanding of the functional role of experiment. A hitherto largely overlooked disagreement between Bohr and Heisenberg about the movab...

The tathāgatagarbha doctrine is one of the most significant Buddhist doctrines to have come under the scrutiny of scholars in recent times. One of the more interesting aspects of this doctrine is that it focuses attention on the nature of the Buddhist “absolute” or highest truth in such a way as to make clear many of the problems and concerns of the Buddhist community after the advent of the do...

The functional tenets of the ineuiron doctrine were reviewed some time ago(l3), but there hlas been little attempt to correct obvious deficiencies or formulate new concepts that take iinto account the great amount of anatomical and physiological work of recent years. Among these sttudies, the findings of synapses betweeni (lendrites of nerve cells are of partictular interest (reviewe(d in 4). T...

Clinical research faces a reproducibility crisis. Many recent clinical and preclinical studies appear to be irreproducible--their results cannot be verified by outside researchers. This is problematic for not only scientific reasons but also legal ones: patents grounded in irreproducible research appear to fail their constitutional bargain of property rights in exchange for working disclosures ...

One of the earliest decisions on this subject opines that the “all or nothing” rule provides a “blanket release from liability for doctors and hospitals any time there was less than a 50 percent chance of survival, regardless of how flagrant the negligence.”7 Another more recent decision notes that the “all or nothing” approach “fails to recognize the common sense proposition that a loss of cha...

the first conceptions of intellect are a beign and an essence, we must begin exploring how they are related to each other. everything that receives   something from another is potential with regard to what it receives and what is receives in it is the actuality. thus st.thomas returns to the doctrine of potency and act of being to explain the relation of a being and an essence by developing in ...

the doctrine of special relationships, and the psychotherapist's duty to warn"