Adaptation to one environment often results in fitness gains and losses in other conditions. To characterize how these consequences of adaptation depend on the physical similarity between environments, we evolved 180 populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at different degrees of stress induced by either salt, temperature, pH, or glucose depletion. We measure how the fitness of clones adapted t...

1. While many plant species offer rewards (e.g. nectar) to pollinators, some species, particularly in orchids, do not provide rewards. Ecological factors, such as interactions with rewarding co-flowering species may affect pollinator visitation rates to such deceptive species by influencing pollinator ability to learn to avoid deceptive plants (avoidance learning). 2. We tested the effect of fl...

In this article effects of friction stir welding (FSW) tool rotational and traverse speeds were studied on heat generation and temperature distribution in welding zone of AA1100 aluminum alloy and A441 AISI joint. Computational fluid dynamics method was used to simulate the process with commercial CFD Fluent 6.4 package. To enhance the accuracy of simulation in this Study, the welding line that...

In this work, dissimilar butt joints of 6061 aluminum and 304 stainless steel were prepared by friction stir welding (FSW), the FSW process is monitored infrared (IR) thermography. Considering different material properties between steel, a novel CFD model with weld tool developed tested to investigate effects on aluminum-steel joint under traverse speeds. The calculated temperature thermal cycl...

In the present research, friction stir welding (FSW) process was used for butt joining of pure copper plate to 316L stainless steel plate. Mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of the joint were evaluated by microhardness and tensile tests as well as optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that microstructure of the weld nugget (WN) has fine grains where...

Joining dissimilar materials is always a challenging and interesting topic for researchers industries. Friction drill joining, as solid-state process, novel approach to connecting similar materials. Dissimilar metals, especially ultra-high-strength steels aluminum alloys, are used significantly the mass reduction of automotive bodies, reduce CO2 emissions in industry. In current work, friction ...

Abstract Nowadays, the use of different classes materials in same structure is increased to keep pace with innovation and high structural performances. In this context, components made need be joined together a possible solution given by arc welding. Dissimilar welded joints must often able withstand fatigue loads; however, Design Standards provide strength categories only for homogeneous joint...

The 'mirror neuron system' (MNS), located within inferior parietal lobe (IPL) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), creates an internal motor representation of the actions we see and has been implicated in imitation. Recently, the MNS has been implicated in non-identical responses: when the actions we must execute do not match those that we observe. However, in such conflicting situations non actio...