BACKGROUND Excess salt intake is a global issue. Effective salt-reduction strategies are needed, however, as salt is a vehicle for iodine fortification, these strategies may also reduce iodine intake. This study examines the case of the remote Indigenous Australian population; we employed an innovative, objective method to assess sodium and iodine intakes against requirements and modelled the p...

BACKGROUND There are limited data on the evolution of eating habits, including snacking, in Australia. This study aimed to understand snacking trends among Australian children over three previous National Nutrition Surveys. METHODS Data were analysed from a single weekday 24-h recall in the National Nutrition Surveys 1995, 2007, 2011-12 among children 2-16y (n = 8258). A snacking occasion was...

Which budgetary institutions result in efficient provision of public goods? We analyze a model with two parties bargaining over the allocation to a public good each period. Parties place different values on the public good, and these values may change over time. We focus on budgetary institutions that determine the rules governing feasible allocations to mandatory and discretionary spending pro...

This article critically examines the opportunities and challenges that automated decision-making (ADM) poses for environmental impact assessments (EIAs) as a crucial aspect of law. It argues while fully or partially automating discretionary EIA decisions is legally technically problematic, there significant potential data-driven tools to provide superior analysis predictions better inform proce...

Interest in the study of discretionary databases has grown as numerous large-scale public file-sharing systems have emerged as mainstream internet applications. In particular, much recent work has focused on the free-rider problem in peer-to-peer networks. We examine the related problem of over-contribution in the Usenet file-sharing network, which occurs when a surfeit of contribution causes c...

I the past 20 years, many articles about public agencies’ increasing exposure to liability have been published in engineering journals, legal journals, and in the popular press. These articles have helped to further professional awareness of the need to design, construct, and maintain highway facilities with public safety in mind. However, there has been no relief from the relentless juggernaut...

On a population level, dietary improvement strategies have had limited success in preventing the surge in overweight and obesity or reducing risk factors for chronic disease. While numerous multi-component studies have examined whole-of-diet strategies, and single component (i.e. discrete) dietary intervention strategies have targeted an increase in core foods (e.g. fruits, vegetables, dairy), ...

the purpose of this study is to examine the possible impact of value systems on earnings management in france, tunisia and canada. cultural values include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity and long-term orientation. the cross-cultural study uses the method of structural equations trough lisrel approach. the examination covers the period between 2003 and 2009. fin...

To investigate and compare the lane changing behavior of passenger cars heavy vehicles during implementation period (defined as interval from start time to end a change maneuver), this study applies gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) method model cars, respectively. Results show that models vary with vehicle types directions. Different factors are considered by drivers when implementing cha...

The Iranian economy in recent years is due to the development of economic sanctions, a sharp decline in the price of oil and the deficit resulting from revenue - dependent on oil revenues and the trend towards tax revenues. While comparing the volume of the Iranian economy with the amount of tax income indicates the existence of a relatively significant tax gap. The tax gap is the difference be...