In three experiments, we examined the ability of listeners to discriminate the duration of temporal gaps (silent intervals) and the influence of other temporal stimulus properties on their performance. In the first experiment, gap-duration discrimination thresholds were measured either in continuous noise or with noise markers with durations of 3 and 300 ms. Thresholds measured with 300-ms mark...

The three-state illness-death model provides a useful way to characterize data from a rodent tumorigenicity experiment. Most parametrizations proposed recently in the literature assume discrete time for the death process and either discrete or continuous time for the tumor onset process. We compare these approaches with a third alternative that uses a piecewise continuous model on the hazards f...

This article introduces the R package ctmcd, which provides an implementation of methods for the estimation of the parameters of a continuous-time Markov chain given that data are only available on a discrete-time basis. This data consists of partial observations of the state of the chain, which are made without error at discrete times, an issue also known as the embedding problem for Markov ch...

Hidden Markov Model is a popular statisical method that is used in continious and discrete speech recognition. The probability density function of observation vectors in each state is estimated with discrete density or continious density modeling. The performance (in correct word recognition rate) of continious density is higher than discrete density HMM, but its computation complexity is very ...

1.OVERVIEW AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS. Introduction. Populations, Samples, and Processes. Pictorial Tabular Methods in Descriptive Statistics. Measures of Location. Variability. 2.PROBABILITY. Sample Spaces Events. Axioms, Interpretations, Properties Probability. Counting Techniques. Conditional Independence. 3.DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS. Random Variables. Probability D...

Theoretical investigations of total and partial-channel photoabsorption cross sections in molecular formaldehyde are reported employing the Stieltjes-Tchebycheff (s-T) technique and separated-channel static-exchange (!YO) calculations. Vertical one-electron dipole spectra for the 2b 2(n), lb 1(7T), 5a1(a), I b2, and 4a 1 canonical molecular orbitals are obtained using Hartree-Fock frozen-core f...

In this paper, we distinguish three groups of definition of chaos: • the Devaney’s type of chaos: we will introduce three definitions which are equivalent on Baire Hausdorff spaces with countable base, before noting a defect in Devaney’s definition, leading us to give a new definition of chaos. We will also examine how the functor “Stone-Čech compactification” preserves and reflects chaos. • th...

The application of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm to an inhalation exposure system using a building automation system is described. Previous studies had utilized a control system in which concentration was monitored continuously and adjustments to the generator were made on a continuous basis. In this system, benzene vapor was generated into a chamber, and a gas chro...

There is an inherent relationship between two-sided hypothesis tests and confidence intervals. A series of two-sided hypothesis tests may be inverted to obtain the matching 100(1-α)% confidence interval defined as the smallest interval that contains all point null parameter values that would not be rejected at the α level. Unfortunately, for discrete data there are several different ways of def...

In this paper, balancing based model order reduction (MOR) for large-scale linear discrete-time time-invariant systems in prescribed finite time intervals is studied. The first main topic the development of error bounds regarding approximated output vector within limits. influence different components established will be highlighted. After that, second part article proposes strategies that enab...