Although there is a widespread agreement on the need to discount future costs in monetary-based evaluation techniques of long-term transportation projects, there is less agreement on the specific discount rate that should be employed in the analysis. The choice of the discount rate is ultimately a policy decision; but even when the philosophical approach is set by the policy makers and a genera...

the first spoken dialogue system developed for the persian language is introduced. this is a ticket reservation system with persian asr and nlu modules. the focus of the paper is on learning the dialogue management module. in this work, real on-line training data are used during the learning process. for on-line learning, the effect of the variations of discount factor (g) on the learning speed...

In a continuous time stochastic economy, this paper considers the problem of consumption and investment in a financial market in which the representative investor exhibits a change in the discount rate. The investment opportunities are a stock and a riskless account. The market coefficients and discount factor switches according to a finite state Markov chain. The change in the discount rate le...

This paper develops a model for illustrating how to use quantity discount policy to achieve supply chain coordination. A supplier–buyer system selling one type of product with multi-period and probabilistic customer demand is considered. We first show that if both the buyer and supplier can find a coordination mechanism to make joint decisions, the joint profit in this situation is more than th...

In this work we present a generalisation of the Modified Kneser-Ney interpolative smoothing for richer smoothing via additional discount parameters. We provide mathematical underpinning for the estimator of the new discount parameters, and showcase the utility of our rich MKN language models on several European languages. We further explore the interdependency among the training data size, lang...

The high adoption of smart mobile devices among consumers is an opportunity for ecommerce retailers to increase their sales by recommending consumers with real time, personalized coupons which take into account the specific contextual situation of the consumer [5]. While context-aware recommender systems (CARS) have been widely analyzed [1,2] personalized pricing or discount optimization in rec...

What is the best way to incorporate a risk premium into the discount rate schedule for a real investment project with uncertain payo¤s? The standard CAPM formula suggests a beta-weighted average of the return on a safe investment and the mean return on an economy-wide representative risky investment. Suppose, though, that the project constitutes a tail-hedged investment, meaning that it is expe...

Discount rate method is a tool for asset pricing in the theories of investment and corporate finance, using discount to exchange from future cashflows present value, but some limitation this could not capital cost (WACC) charges ($WACC) exactly at each time. The aim paper exploit an based on consequent inflows (yang) outflows (yin) relevant ancient graphic He Tu Yi Jing, repair paying stakehold...