Young modulus and toughness (KIC) of bulk solar grade silicon (SoG-Si) obtained by directional solidification metallurgical were determined. The was measured the technique impulse excitation vibration KIC determined using indentation method. Measurement values agree well with those available in literature. method proved to be a reliable, relatively simple, inexpensive, fast experimental measure...

As the solidification reaches hot spot area, no molten metal remains and shrinkage is formed. To anticipate shrinkage, a riser added to casting system. An optimal design would produce free components. One of factors that affect efficiency shape. This study aims find most efficient side shape by using simulation software. The tubes, tubes with half sphere on top, hemispheres, conical an oval cro...