Background – This contribution is part of an ongoing study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships Malagasy representatives tribe Pavetteae (Rubiaceae).Material methods Taxonomic follow normal practice herbarium taxonomy. A molecular using plastid markers rps16, trnT-F, petD, accD-psa1, nuclear ribosomal marker ITS MADS-box gene PI was executed.Key results Five new species are described ...

Some species of criocerine beetles have a hyper-elongated part of the intromittent organ called a flagellum. In resting position, the flagellum is stored in a specialized internal sac in the intromittent organ. This specialized state of the flagellum and internal sac is indispensable during copulation for flagellar insertion into the female spermathecal duct for sperm transfer. However, the mor...

The brooding bivalves, Nutricola tantilla and N. confusa overlap in their geographic distributions, habitats, and modes and timing of reproduction. Based on previous studies we infer that males of both species release spermatozoa into the water column; while females retain developing embryos in a brood chamber. Females release fully formed juveniles and there is no pelagic larval stage. We hypo...