Better characterization features borne from long-term crustal modification processes is essential for understanding the dynamics of large basin-forming impact structures on Earth. Within deeply eroded 2.02 Ga Vredefort Impact Structure in South Africa, melt dikes are exposed at surface. In this study, we utilized a combination field, remote sensing, electrical resistivity, magnetic, petrographi...

Lithium isotopes (δ7Li) in coals have been shown to increase with thermal maturity, suggesting preferential release of 6Li from kerogen porefluids. This has important implications for paleoclimate studies based on δ7Li buried marine carbonates, which may incorporate Li porefluids during recrystallization. Here, the content and isotopic composition macerals two coal seams intruded by dikes, were...

The depths and areas of the scour holes around spur dikes are most concerning issues regarding dike design. In this study, using a moving bed experiment, influence traditional rock-fill new permeable with different permeabilities on riverbed under unsteady flow was studied, spatial characteristics at heads were analyzed. results show that increases in permeability coefficient dike, depth area h...

river banks are exposed to bank erosion and destruction. one of the river engineering goals is to provide human life requirements and reduce river danger. so spreading extent of this phenomenon, whose risk and other important factors must be recognized. using groins is one of the control ways that by accurate design and accurate performance, bank erosion control and field reclamation would be p...

After the flood disaster in 1953 in the southwestern part of the Netherlands, Van Dantzig tried to solve the economic decision problem concerning the optimal height of dikes. His solution has a fixed probability of flooding after each investment. However, when there is economic growth, not the probability of flooding but the expected yearly loss by flooding is the key variable in the real optim...

A model for the origin, ascent, and eruption of the lunar A17 orange glass magma has been constructed using petrological constraints from gas solubility experiments and from analyses of the lunar sample 74220 to better determine the nature and origin of this unique explosive eruption. Three stages of the eruption have been identified. Stage 1 of the eruption model extends from ~550 km, the A17 ...

It has traditionally been assumed that the socially available amount X,of a public good is the simple sum of the separate amounts x i produced by the i = 1, . . . , I members of the community. But there are many other possibilities of practical importance. Among them are: (i) Weakest-link rule, where the socially available amount is the minimum of the quantities individually provided, and (ii) ...

48 We model the ascent and eruption of lunar mare basalt magmas with new data on crustal 49 thickness and density (GRAIL), magma properties, and surface topography, morphology and 50 structure (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter). GRAIL recently measured the broad spatial variation 51 of the bulk density structure of the crust of the Moon. Comparing this with the densities of lunar 52 basaltic and pi...