The publication in 1984 of Richard Freeman and James Medoff’s What Do Unions Do?, which summarized and synthesized results from their broad-based research program, was a landmark in labor economics and industrial relations. What Do Unions Do? quickly changed the subject matter and approach for scholars studying unions. The models (or descriptions) of unions employed by labor economists were ext...

1Vasoactive Peptide Group, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3004 Bern, Switzerland 2Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissues Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK 3Vascular Unit, Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK 4Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Fr...

The injustice of needless pretrial detention has been the focus of much attention in the last few years. Recently the Institute on the Operation of Pretrial Release Projects and the 1963 National Conference on Bail and Criminal Justice have provided forums for the discussion of the effects of and alternatives to detention. Under the impetus of such forums and the pressure of jurisdictions seeki...

background: heavy metals have destructive and irreversible effects on the human, plants and animals. some industries in yazd enter industrial wastewater to municipal wastewater collection system. this can lead to high levels of heavy metals in wastewater and in turn in the wastewater treatment plant effluent.   methods: this study was carried out during four months from december 22, 2009 to may...