In this section, summaries of recent progress in observations, forecasting, and research of tropical cyclone formation and extratropical transition are provided. Furthermore, requirements that remain for advancements in these topics are identified. During the period since IWTC-V, there have been improvements in observational capability, new research results into important physical processes, an...

Detection and attribution of past changes in cyclone activity are hampered by biased cyclone records due to changes in observational capabilities. Here we construct an independent record of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity on the basis of storm surge statistics from tide gauges. We demonstrate that the major events in our surge index record can be attributed to landfalling tropical cyclones; ...

Gonu, the second tropical cyclone of the 2007 northern Indian ocean cyclone season, affected Oman, Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates and the Islamic Republic of Iran. This report examines the effects of cyclone Gonu in the Islamic Republic of Iran where it approached on its path on 6 June 2007 and reviews the actions taken before, during and after the cyclone. The incident highlighted the need...

Surface cyclone tracks are investigated in the context of moist potential vorticity (MPV). A prognostic equation of surface absolute vorticity is derived which provides a basis for using negative MPV (NMPV) in the troposphere as an alternative approach to track surface cyclones. An observed case study of explosive lee cyclogenesis is performed to test the effectiveness of the MPV approach. It i...

We fit the near-infrared to radio spectral energy distributions of a sample of 30 luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies with models that include both starburst and AGN components. The aim of the work was to determine important physical parameters for this kind of objects such as the optical depth towards the luminosity source, the star formation rate, the star formation efficiency and t...

Recent observations show that the temporal decay of the R-band afterglow from GRB 990123 steepened about 2.5 days after the burst. We here propose a possible explanation for such a steepening: a shock expanding in a dense medium has undergone the transition from a relativistic phase to a nonrelativistic phase. We find that this model is consistent with the observations if the medium density is ...

The photon splitting is the process with minimal rank of nonlinearity in the electromagnetic interactions. This kind of reaction is to be realized in various astrophysical objects (white dwarves, neutron stars), the early Universe and in the heavy ion collision experiments. In all these cases Furry’s theorem is violated because of the presence of the environments such as external fields or dens...

Cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was effected in a conical glass culture vessel surrounded by a constant-temperature water jacket, and with facilities for stirring, aeration, and pH measurement and control. With the use of an aerated peptone-based medium, containing polypropylene glycol to prevent foam build-up, the yields obtained over the pH range from 5.8 to 7.4 were determined. The grea...