Ostensibly theoretical disputes in political science often involve competing approaches to explanation. Competing positions include skepticism, covering law arguments, reconstructions of propensities, system models, and explanations featuring causal mechanisms. Mechanismand process-based accounts including cognitive, environmental, and relational effects deserve more attention than they have re...

The disciplinary separation between comparative politics and international relations is regularly challenged but persists as a result of institutional inertia and hiring practices. This essay uses the issue of democratization in an attempt to go beyond rhetoric and to develop a framework that integrates the role of transnational activism into the analysis of domestic regime change. Comparative ...

There is a growing consensus that aid has not improved economic growth and market institutions among developing nations (Boone 1996, Knack 2001, Collier and Hoeffler 2004, Heckelman and Knack 2008, Rajan and Subramanian 2008). Far less attention has been paid so far to the ability of aid to promote and support democratization. The effect of foreign aid on democratization is theoretically ambigu...

It has become commonplace among Western scholars to treat supposed processes of “democratization” in terms “waves” since Samuel Huntington’s seminal book published 1991—The Third Wave. The literature on “democratization the Arab world” is no exception, and some have labeled uprisings that began late 2010 “fourth wave democratization”. main research question this article whether consists genuine...

Oftentimes, democracy is not spread out evenly over the territory of a country. Instead, pockets authoritarianism can persist within democratic system. A growing body literature questions how such subnational authoritarian enclaves be democratized. Despite fascinating insights, all existing pathways rely on actions elites and are therefore top-down. This article seeks to kick-start discussion b...

Mass movements that are able to overthrow a dictator do not always lead democracy. Transition periods present narrow windows of opportunity in which activists face difficult decisions build democracy and prevent authoritarian relapse. Existing scholarship offers limited guidance for pro-democracy forces because it focuses on unchangeable structural factors cases with known outcome. We propose a...

The privatization of war was an objective reality of the political trends. Globalization, information, Technological democratization and Decentralization of power were the root causes of the privatization of war. To world security and national and personal security, the world and the people should be concerned about the development trend of the privatization of war.

Elections have constituted important symbolic events throughout the course of democratization and continue to be one of the most extensively analysed features of Taiwan’s political landscape. 1 Contemporary elections are fiercely contested and often dramatic events, with high levels of citizen engagement. 2 Analyses of party and candidate behaviour during campaigns have also suggested that “Tai...