How does presidentialism affect democratic representation, both in theory and in practice? In this paper, part of a larger book project, we build on our previous research (Samuels and Shugart 2003), which argued that all else equal, presidentialism impedes representation based on prospective government “mandates.” Inspired by and building on research on Latin America by Susan Stokes (2001), her...

This paper discusses political leadership and national security in the Nigerian fourth republic. The paper accentuates that the democratic process itself constitute a functional mechanism for interest articulation and aggregation thereby checking agent threat to national security that may arise from lack of input or participation in the political process. The paper through the use of leadership...

As Juan Linz has recently argued, many problem of democratic government would be difficult to understand without including the time dimension in our analysis of the democratic process. This is because government pro tempore is an essential and defining characteristic of democratic governance (Linz, 1995). The time limit inherent in the requirement of elections at regular intervals is a powerful...

How does civic education affect the development of democratic political culture in new democracies? Using a unique threewave panel data set from Kenya spanning the transitional democratic election of 2002, we posit a two-step process of the social transmission of democratic knowledge, norms, and values. Civic education first affected the knowledge, values, and participatory inclinations of indi...

The Traffic Engineering Department of the City of Fort Wayne recently conducted a before-and-after study of traffic volume trends and speed-delays encountered on the east and west one-way street system now in operation as compared to two-way street movement. This study was confined to the central business district only, as the traffic survey and recommendations were basically confined within th...

the accountability for reasonableness (afr) concept has been developed and discussed for over two decades. its interpretation has been studied in several ways partly guided by the specific settings and the researchers involved. this has again influenced the development of the concept, but not led to universal application. the potential use in health technology assessments (htas) has recently be...

OBJECTIVES To examine differences in health risks, health outcomes and health services use of Calgary street-involved youth by level of street involvement to inform services planning. METHOD 355 street-involved youth (61% male, 26% Aboriginal) completed surveys at a variety of outdoor and agency locations: 46% currently lived on the street, 33% had lived on the street in the past, and 20% wer...

The aim of this article is to examine trends democratic backsliding associated with the long standing reform work on regional institutions and policies in Sweden. To end, conceptualized a different manner compared conventional understandings. By doing so, highlights missing aspect research that concerns how well-intended reforms designed strengthen can also harbor non-democratic consequences. I...

background: the illicit vials with street name temgesic and norgesic has been distributed in black market of iran in recent years. with reference to their name, one may presume that they contain the opioid buprenorphine but there are some reports in opposition to this. true nature of these vials has been shown in the current study. methods: all of drugs that had been apprehended by law enforcem...