All aquatic organisms are directly or indirectly affected by the physical characteristics of their environment, especially the chemical composition of the water. The high concentration levels, damage tissues and interfere with the normal growth and proliferation. The aim of this research was to Investigation acute toxicity of ZnSO4 and CuCl2 to Gambusia holbrooki ...

background: in order to compensate the adverse consequences of bleaching agents, the use of fl uoride-containing remineralizing agents has been suggested by many researchers. the aim of this study was to compare the effect of applying two remineralizing materials on bleached enamel hardness and in comparison to natural saliva. materials and methods: in this experimental study, 30 enamel samples...

PURPOSE To evaluate the depth of cure and surface hardness of two resin composites when subjected to three preheating temperatures, three polymerization times and two types of curing lights. METHODS Two resin composites were used in this study (Esthet-X and TPH), three polymerization times (10, 20, 40 seconds), three preheating temperatures (70, 100, 140 degrees F/21.1, 37.7 and 60 degrees C)...

tan films with different n2 partial pressure were deposited on 304 stainless steel using the magnetron sputtering method. the effect of gas pressure on the mechanical property, morphology and phase structure of the films is investigated by x-ray diffraction (xrd), atomic force microscopy (afm), microhardness testing, friction coefficient measurements, and wear mechanism study. the xrd results c...