This paper addresses the question whether all pregnant women should have an ultrasound examination. We used the methods of ethical analysis and argument to show that the principle of respect for autonomy creates an obligation to inform every pregnant woman about the availability of obstetric ultrasound in settings in which quality ultrasound is available. We considered two objections to this po...

The main policy instruments currently used in the EU Member States to achieve the targets set for electricity produced from renewable energy sources are: 1) the quota obligation system; 2) the feed-in tariff system; and 3) the tendering system. The current study aims to review the experience gained with the quota obligation system. The report provides an overview of the regions where obligation...

Nephrologist are often faced with the question of the appropriate initiation and withdrawal from dialysis. Many clinicians feel that patient should be offered dialysis when they have ESRD regardless of the potential risks vs. benefits. My position in this debate is that nephrologists have the obligation to order treatments that are indicated and effective for their patients and will provide mor...

We consider an infinite hierarchy of systems of Alethic Modal Logic with so-called Levels of Perfection, and add to them suitable definitions of such interesting deontic categories as those of supererogation, oVence, conditional obligation and conditional permission. We then state three problems concerning the proper characterization of the resulting logic(s) for our defined notions, and discus...

We start our investigations from the deontic action model defined in multi-situation settings. Then we discuss the validity of formulas constructed in a language with a finite number of basic actions, parallel and sequential compositions of actions, a free choice operator and the standard deontic operators of obligation, strong permission and prohibition. The main achievements of the paper are ...

arbitration is a private justice for the settlement of disputes in the international trade. by reason of number of benefits, international traders prefer the arbitration in relation to the justice tosettle their disputes. confidentiality is one of those benefits. here, there are some questions: is there any source in international commercial judgment that indicates the confidentiality of judgme...

Abstract There are plenty of classic paradoxes about conditional obligations, like the duty to be gentle if one is murder, and “supererogatory” deeds beyond call duty. But little has been said intersection these topics. We develop first general account supererogation, with power solve familiar puzzles as well several that we introduce. Our account, moreover, flows from two ideas: conditionals r...

This study departs from the fundamental problem of determining religion in Indonesia and perspective related to obligations Indonesian people embrace a religion. Considering that Law nation is Pancasila, first principle which belief One God. To discuss problems this research, juridical-normative approach needed. The used find out policies regarding religious Indonesia. results show although gov...