It is argued that estimating the damage costs of a certain benchmark climate change is not sufficient. What is needed are cost functions and confidence intervals. Although these are contained in the integrated models and their technical manuals, this paper brings them into the open in order to stimulate discussion. After briefly reviewing the benchmark climate change damage costs, region-specif...

Oxidative stress (OS) as a proximate mechanism for life-history trade-offs is widespread in the literature. One such resource allocation trade-off involves growth rate, and theory suggests that OS might act as both a constraint on and a cost of growth, yet studies investigating this have produced conflicting results. Here, we use meta-analysis to investigate whether increased OS levels impact o...

background road traffic injuries (rtis) impose a significant social and economic burden. objectives the objective of this study was to estimate the medical costs and economic burden caused by rti in iran methods the major components included in this study were medical costs, lost output, and indirect costs. cost components and their values in 2011 were obtained using previous data collected dur...

furnace division is one of the most polluted divisions ever known in the steel industry associated with several environmental pollutions. this study attempted to choose optimally, a pollution control system for dust emission from steel furnaces with the green and environmentally friendly approach. three electric smelting furnaces with 3, 6 and 12-ton output capacity were selected. the level of ...

Observations of wild boar damage to alpine grazing pastures in Romania's Carpathian Mountains were collected using photographs of the slopes from vantage points. We mapped the rooted areas and then used GIS software to estimate the relative proportions of the total grazing areas visible in the photographs that were damaged by wild boar. The amounts of damage from our two demonstration pastures ...