A 30-year-old man was admitted because of febrile respiratory infection and confusion. A lumbar puncture revealed mild pleocytosis and elevated protein. Continuous conjugate eye oscillations in horizontal, rotatory, and vertical direction and diffuse myoclonus were observed (figure; see video on the Neurology Web site at www.neurology.org). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis was diagnosed on th...

A 27-year-old Japanese man presented with erythema nodosum and consciousness opacity of four days in duration. He had panuveitis and fever. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed 100/mm pleocytosis (polynuclear cells, 87%) and the elevation of interleukin-6 (5,630 pg/mL). Brain MRI demonstrated multiple hemorrhagic cerebral cortical lesions with gadolinium enhancement (Picture A, DWI; C,...

M since described first in the year 1805, has been one of the major lethal infectious diseases especially for the neonates and elderly in developing countries.1 It is not always possible to distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis according to CSF findings, which leads to unnecessary antibiotic usage.2 During the last few years, procalcitonin (PCT) has been a new parameter in the diag...

Introduction. Neuroborreliosis is an insidious disease. It often confused with other neurological diseases. Diagnosis possible when the following are present: symptoms indicative of neuroborreliosis, pleocytosis in CSF, and production antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi CSF.
 Aim. To assess health situation determine nursing needs a patient femoral nerve damage during neuroborreliosis.&#x0D...

Anti N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDR) encephalitis has been recognized as the most frequent autoimmune encephalitis in children after acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM).However due to the variable the variable clinical presentation, the paucity of specific finding on standard laboratory and radiological investigation remains under recognized. First discribed in 2005, most commonly...

RATIONALE Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It mostly invades lymph nodes with extranodal involvement observed in the soft tissue, bone, and skin. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a 34-year-old Chinese male patient who presented with headache, diplopia, and vomit. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis via lumbar puncture showed elevated CSF pressure, elevated...

The effect of intracisternal inoculation of bacteria on the choroid plexus system, which transports penicillin from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to blood, was studied in vitro and in vivo. Meningeal and choroid plexus inflammations as well as CSF pleocytosis were induced in rabbits with intracisternal inoculations of Hemophilus influenzae or Staphylococcus aureus. At various times after bacterial ...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades the central nervous system (CNS) shortly after systemic infection and can result in the subsequent development of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) in a subset of infected individuals. Genetically compartmentalized virus in the CNS is associated with HAD, suggesting autonomous viral replication as a factor in the disease process. We examined the...

A septic meningitis refers to a nonbacterial inflammation of the leptomeninges.1 Viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis, and the most common viruses that cause aseptic meningitis are enteroviruses. Drug-induced aseptic meningitis is rare but probably more common than the literature would suggest; therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningit...

Diagnostic confusion often exists between tuberculous meningitis and other meningoencephalitides. Newer diagnostic tests are unlikely to be available in many countries for some time. This study examines which clinical features and simple laboratory tests can differentiate tuberculous meningitis from other infections. Two hundred and thirty two children (110 tuberculous meningitis, 94 non-tuberc...