The management of children with craniosynostosis is multidisciplinary and has evolved significantly over the past five decades. The treatment is primarily surgical. The anesthetic challenges continue to be the management of massive blood transfusion and prolonged anesthesia in small children, often further complicated by syndrome-specific issues. This two-part review aims to provide an overview...

Many authors have suggested that the negative effects of roads on animals are largely owing to traffic noise. Although suggestive, most past studies of the effects of road noise on wildlife were conducted in the presence of the other confounding effects of roads, such as visual disturbance, collisions and chemical pollution among others. We present, to our knowledge, the first study to experime...

Pesticides are a gift to agriculture for its flourish of crop production. For production heavy grown crops, growing multiple crops in season or enriching the soils better productivity, pesticides mandate modern world meet food requirement. However, controversy arises on fact overuse and underlying problems associated with it. The include environmental contamination, public health compromisation...

Topics covered: 1. What is disturbance? 2. Characteristics of disturbances and disturbance regimes 3. Role of disturbance in ecosystems and landscapes 4. Factors affecting disturbances 5. Feedback mechanisms affecting disturbance regimes 6. Interactions among the physical template, biotic processes and disturbance regimes 7. Human effects on disturbance regimes 8. Resource management implications.

The root cause of agricultural land degradation and decreasing productivity–as seen in terms of loss of soil health–is our low soil­carbon farming paradigm of intensive tillage which disrupts and debilitates many important soil­mediated ecosystem functions. For the most part agricultural soils in tillage­based farming without organic surface residue protection are becoming de­structured and com...

Successful extension of agroforestry to areas of the semi-arid tropics where deep reserves of water exist requires that the tree species be complementary to the associated crops in their use of water within the crop rooting zone. However, it is difficult to identify trees suitable for dryland agroforestry because most existing techniques for determining water uptake by roots cannot distinguish ...

The root cause of agricultural land degradation and decreasing productivity – as seen in terms of loss of soil health -is our low soil-carbon farming paradigm of intensive tillage which disrupts and debilitates many important soil-mediated ecosystem functions. For the most part agricultural soils in tillage-based farming without organic surface residue protection are becoming de-structured and ...

Very recently (Banerjee et al. in Astrophys. Space, doi:1007/s 10509-011-0836-1, 2011) the statistics of geomagnetic Disturbance storm (Dst) index have been addressed, and the conclusion from this analysis suggests that the underlying dynamical process can be modeled as a fractional Brownian motion with persistent long-range correlations. In this comment we expose several misconceptions and fla...