Experiments designed to demonstrate balance between the amount of creatine ingested and the amount retained or excreted as creatine and creatinine have so far failed in their purpose. The results of such studies have led to the opinion either that there is an end-product of creatine other than creatinine or that the synthesis of endogenous creatine is retarded by exogenous creatine (1). We have...

the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short term creatine monohydrate supplementation on baseline homocysteine concentrations and following an exhaustive exercise in active men. twelve male students who were members of soccer team of mazandaran university (age: 21.83±2.20 years, bmi: 13.53±58 kg/m2, homocysteine: 13.53±58 ?mol/lit) volunteered to participate in this study. ...

Purpose: The effects of 28 days of heavy resistance training while ingesting the preand post-workout supplements, NO-Shotgun and NO-Synthesize were determined on body composition, muscle strength and mass, markers of protein synthesis, and clinical safety markers. Methods: Nineteen non-resistance-trained males participated in a resistance training program 4 times/week for 28 days while either i...

Background: Alzheimer disease is the main cause of dementia in middle-aged and elderly people. Considering the improving effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance, this study aimed to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on learning, memory, and apoptosis in an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats each weighing 250±50...

Creatine kinase isoenzymes from Torpedo californica electric organ, skeletal muscle, and brain were purified and characterized. Torpedo electric organ and skeletal muscle creatine kinase have identical apparent Mr, electrophoretic mobility, and cyanogen bromide fragments. The electrophoretic mobility of the Torpedo creatine kinase was anodal as compared to mammalian MM creatine kinase. No creat...

Protein and other compounds can exert anabolic effects on skeletal muscle, particularly in conjunction with exercise. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of twice daily consumption of a protein-based, multi-ingredient nutritional supplement to increase strength and lean mass independent of, and in combination with, exercise in healthy older men. Forty-nine healthy older men...

Apart of its well known function of “energetic buffer” through the creatine / phosphocreatine / creatine kinase system allowing the regeneration of ATP, creatine has been recently suggested as a potential neuromodulator of even true neurotransmitter. Moreover, the recent discovery of primary creatine deficiency syndromes, due to deficiencies in AGAT or GAMT (the two enzymes allowing creatine sy...