BACKGROUND Despite the large amount of literature on caudal anaesthesia in children, the issue of volume of local anaesthetics and cranial spread is still not settled. Thus, the aim of the present prospective randomized study was to evaluate the cranial spread of caudally administered local anaesthetics in children by means of real-time ultrasound, with a special focus on the effects of using d...

Malignant gliomas are characterized by infiltrative growth of tumor cells, including along white matter tracts. This may result in clinical cranial neuropathy due to direct involvement of a cranial nerve rather than by leptomeningeal spread along cranial nerves. Gliomas directly involving cranial nerves III-XII are rare, with only 11 cases reported in the literature before 2014, including 8 wit...

BACKGROUND Gradenigo's syndrome includes the triad of suppurative otitis media, ipsilateral sixth (abducens) cranial nerve palsy and facial pain in the distribution of the fifth (trigeminal) cranial nerve. Gradenigo's syndrome is rare, and the diagnosis is easily overlooked. This case is the first to report Gradenigo's syndrome presenting with meningitis on a background of chronic suppurative o...

METHODS: Patients with large cranial vault defects (>50cm) were studied preoperatively and postoperatively (6 months) after cranial vault reconstruction using both: 1) Cognistat Active Form and 2) The FIM instrument (Functional Independence Measure) (n=35). Cranial vault reconstructive techniques varied from split cranial bone to alloplastic implants (PEEK) to titanium implants. Complications, ...

PURPOSE Multiple cranial neuropathies is one of the neurological complications among diabetic patients. Symptoms of multiple cranial neuropathies may cause great anxiety for these patients and often appear to be a serious problem from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. A correct and timely diagnosis of the underlying cause of cranial nerve palsy in these patients is crucial because of ...

Cranial bone motion continues to stimulate controversy. This controversy affects the general acceptance of some intervention methods used by physical therapists, namely, cranial osteopathic and craniosacral therapy techniques. Core to these intervention techniques is the belief that cranial bone mobility provides a compliant system where somatic dysfunction can occur and therapeutic techniques ...

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease with neurological involvement seen in only 5% of patients. Cranial neuropathy is a common mode of presentation. Out of the cranial nerves, seventh cranial nerve either unilateral or bilateral, is usually involved though sarcoidal lesions may implicate every cranial nerve. Other cranial nerves, commonly involved are optic, sensory component of trigeminal and ...

moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of the facial and abducens nerve. other cranial nerves may be involved, such as v, ix and xii. several central nervous system anomalies including hypoplastic or dysplastic brain stem, straightening of the fourth ventricle floor, focal necrosis and calcifications of cranial nerve nuclei have been reported in association with moebius syndrome, but we...

The cranial suspensory ligament is located on the border of the cranial (mesonephric) mesentery in adult female mammals, which runs between the cranial pole of the internal genitalia and the dorsal abdominal wall. Absence of the cranial suspensory ligament in male mammals depends upon exposure of its primordium to fetal testicular androgens and is a prerequisite for testis descent. Female rats ...