The main objective of this chapter is to present to the readers a step-by-step design approach when designing antenna array. Subsequently, the chapter will proceed following an example design of a passive Ku band planner receive array antenna for direct broadcast from satellite (DBS) reception for mobile systems. First, an appropriate antenna topology capable of reaching our target goals will b...

In this paper, three types of (philosophical, optimistic and pessimistic) multigranulation single valued neutrosophic (SVN) covering-based rough set models are presented, and these three models are applied to the problem of multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM).Firstly, a type of SVN covering-based rough set model is proposed.Based on this rough set model, three types of mult...

In this paper, we present a configuration of wideband MIMO antenna array for 5G terminals. The single-element has compact size, dual polarization, wide operating bandwidth covering the N78 frequency band, and high isolation between two input ports (>40 dB). 4×1 radiation sub-array low mutuality spatial diversity characteristics over entire range. large-scale with single 4×8 can provide 8 ind...

One of the important issues in many of array systems such as Radar, Sonar, Mobile, and satellite telecommunications is the estimation of DOA of narrowband received signal. CRB is very important in evaluation of parameter estimation. CRB is the lower bound estimation error variance for any unbiased estimation. In this paper, the array antenna with equal distance arrays is extended in two separat...

Covering Arrays (CAs) are combinatorial objects that, with a small number of cases, cover a certain level of interaction of a set of parameters. CAs have found application in a variety of fields where interactions among factors need to be identified; some of these fields are biology, agriculture, medicine, and software and hardware testing. In particular, a covering array is an N × k matrix ove...

Rough set theory provides a systematic way for rule extraction, attribute reduction and knowledge classification in information systems. Some measurements are important in rough sets. For example, information entropy, knowledge dependency are useful in attribute reduction algorithms. This paper proposes the concepts of the lower and upper covering numbers to establish measurements in covering-b...

Telescope Array (TA) is the largest ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray (UHECR) observatory in Northern Hemisphere. It explores origin of UHECRs by measuring their spectrum, arrival-direction distribution, and mass composition using a surface detector (SD) array covering approximately 700 km2 fluorescence (FD) stations. TA has found evidence for cluster cosmic rays with energies greater than 57 EeV. In...

A covering array (CA) is a combinatorial structure specified as a matrix of N rows and k columns over an alphabet on v symbols such that for each set of t columns every t-tuple of symbols is covered at least once. Given the values of t, k, and v, the optimal covering array construction problem (CAC) consists in constructing a CA(N ; t, k, v) with the minimum possible value of N . There are seve...